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6月全國大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)會商報告

2024-07-04 09:27:06 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:12386 評論

導(dǎo)讀: 近日,全國農(nóng)技中心組織大豆主產(chǎn)省農(nóng)技人員和有關(guān)專家開展技術(shù)會商,并綜合100個大豆單產(chǎn)提升整建制推進縣苗情抽樣調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),形成報告如下。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 近日,全國農(nóng)技中心組織大豆主產(chǎn)省農(nóng)技人員和有關(guān)專家開展技術(shù)會商,并綜合100個大豆單產(chǎn)提升整建制推進縣苗情抽樣調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),形成報告如下。
 
  苗情長勢
 
  總的看,春大豆從北到南陸續(xù)進入開花結(jié)莢鼓粒期,東北地區(qū)受低溫寡照影響,生育進程較常年晚一周左右,夏大豆預(yù)計7月初全部播種完畢,早播夏大豆處在苗期至分枝期。其中,北方產(chǎn)區(qū)處在苗期至初花期,黑龍江、吉林、內(nèi)蒙古北部地區(qū)大豆普遍在2—5片復(fù)葉期,株高12—30厘米,遼寧、內(nèi)蒙古南部、陜西地區(qū)大豆已進入初花期。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)春大豆大部分處在鼓粒期至成熟期,安徽、江蘇鮮食大豆進入采收期,夏播大豆預(yù)計7月初全部播種完畢,早播夏大豆已經(jīng)出苗,部分進入分枝期。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)春大豆已進入結(jié)莢鼓粒期,其中貴州早播春大豆已進入成熟期,夏大豆播種全部結(jié)束已進入出苗期,四川早播夏大豆,貴州南部、云南中部夏大豆處在分枝期。從100個大豆單產(chǎn)提升整建制推進縣苗情抽樣調(diào)查看,東北產(chǎn)區(qū)播種時間與常年一致,一二類苗占比94%。西北產(chǎn)區(qū)播種時間與常年一致,部分地區(qū)偏早5天,春大豆一二類苗占比84%。黃淮產(chǎn)區(qū)因高溫干旱等原因,導(dǎo)致大部分地區(qū)夏播大豆比常年偏晚3—7天,目前已出苗的地塊一二類苗占比88%。長江流域播種時間基本與常年一致,部分地區(qū)偏早3—4天,一二類苗占比81%。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)播種時間與常年一致,一二類苗占比87%。
 
  當(dāng)前有利不利因素
 
  有利因素。北方產(chǎn)區(qū)前期土壤墑情好,播種質(zhì)量高,出苗期雨水充足,苗全、苗齊、苗壯,大部分地區(qū)大豆除草、中耕、追肥等田管作業(yè)質(zhì)量高。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥?zhǔn)斋@騰茬早,大豆播種時間充足,6月中旬兩場降雨有效緩解旱情,有利于夏大豆搶墑播種。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)降水充足、土壤墑情適宜,氣候條件有利于大豆播種,部分地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平提升,各項補貼政策已經(jīng)落實,農(nóng)戶田管熱情高漲。
 
  不利因素。東北產(chǎn)區(qū)6月份持續(xù)多日降雨、低溫、寡照,大豆苗期生長發(fā)育遲緩,黑龍江地區(qū)極端天氣頻發(fā),局地遭受冰雹災(zāi)害,黑龍江中南部、吉林中西部多日強降雨造成部分豆田內(nèi)澇。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)雖經(jīng)歷兩場降雨,但降雨分布不均,部分地區(qū)仍受旱情威脅,持續(xù)高溫干旱造成大豆出苗不齊,缺苗斷壟。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)貴州、云南局地降雨偏多,部分農(nóng)田出現(xiàn)漬害,降雨偏多導(dǎo)致病蟲草害頻發(fā),田管工作加重。
 
  近期應(yīng)注意的田管措施
 
  當(dāng)前正是春大豆夏管、夏大豆播種出苗關(guān)鍵期,各地要及時關(guān)注高溫干旱、臺風(fēng)暴雨等極端天氣,因苗因地積極采取措施應(yīng)對,加強田間管理。北方產(chǎn)區(qū)要搶抓時間進行中耕,除草等田管作業(yè),保證作業(yè)質(zhì)量;大豆生長發(fā)育遲緩的地塊,采取葉噴蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑促進生長,配合葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀、氨基酸類葉面肥,達(dá)到“一噴多促”效果,同時加強病蟲害監(jiān)測工作;內(nèi)澇嚴(yán)重地區(qū),積極采取有效措施排水,加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo),引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶開展災(zāi)后生產(chǎn)恢復(fù)工作。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)還未播種的地塊要采取措施造墑?chuàng)寜劜シN,爭取7月初全部播種完畢;因高溫干旱造成出苗不齊、缺苗斷壟地塊,做好查田補苗工作;充分利用移動灌溉設(shè)施、附近水源等進行澆水,緩解干旱不利影響,同時及時追肥促進生長;做好除草、中耕、病蟲害防治等工作。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)要密切關(guān)注天氣變化,已發(fā)生漬害地塊要抓緊排水散墑,減輕漬害影響,未受澇地塊提前疏通溝渠,防止?jié)n澇發(fā)生;采取機械中耕、噴施除草劑、人工除草等措施減輕草害,重點監(jiān)測蚜蟲、草地貪夜蛾、豆莢螟等蟲口數(shù)量和霜霉病、葉斑病、根腐病和花葉病毒病發(fā)生發(fā)展情況,及時采取措施進行防治;缺肥長勢差的地塊及時適量追肥,同時葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀、硼肥等促進生長;分枝期至初花期旺長地塊或帶狀復(fù)合種植徒長地塊要及時采取化控,控旺防倒。
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