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2024年黃淮海夏大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-06-05 09:37:24 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：15986 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：針對(duì)黃淮海地區(qū)自然條件和生產(chǎn)方式，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，制定了2024年黃淮海夏大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前，黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥正由南向北陸續(xù)成熟收獲，夏大豆即將搶時(shí)搶墑播種。針對(duì)黃淮海地區(qū)自然條件和生產(chǎn)方式，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，制定了2024年黃淮海夏大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見，旨在助力黃淮海地區(qū)大豆大面積單產(chǎn)提升。
 
　　選用優(yōu)良品種  做好種子處理
 
　　所選品種應(yīng)通過當(dāng)?shù)貙彾ɑ蛞N備案，嚴(yán)禁跨生態(tài)區(qū)引種。根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求和生產(chǎn)條件，宜選擇高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、抗倒性好、抗病性強(qiáng)、適合機(jī)械化收獲的中小粒型大豆品種，推薦種植高油高產(chǎn)品種；播種質(zhì)量高的農(nóng)戶建議選用株型收斂的耐密品種。播前做好種子精選，剔除病斑粒、蟲蝕粒、破瓣粒和雜質(zhì)，確保種子飽滿、活力強(qiáng)。近幾年黃淮海地區(qū)大豆根腐病、擬莖點(diǎn)種腐病等土傳病害呈加重趨勢(shì)，建議選用精甲霜靈?咯菌腈為基礎(chǔ)配方的種衣劑進(jìn)行包衣，提高大豆保苗率。
 
　　搶墑造墑播種  提高出苗質(zhì)量
 
　　麥?zhǔn)蘸笸寥缐勄檫m宜時(shí)搶墑播種；墑情不足時(shí)造墑播種或播后噴灌補(bǔ)墑；有水肥一體化條件的地塊建議“干播濕出”?？刹捎眯←湹筒缡崭?、秸稈粉碎拋撒后免耕播種；小麥秸稈量大且土壤含水量較低的田塊，打捆部分秸稈離田防止播種機(jī)堵塞，土壤較濕時(shí)不宜打包，防止車輛反復(fù)碾軋壓影響播種質(zhì)量；有條件地區(qū)建議選擇免耕覆秸精量播種機(jī)播種，一次性完成播種、側(cè)深施肥、封閉除草、秸稈覆蓋等作業(yè)。所選播種機(jī)應(yīng)具有仿型部件，保證播種深度一致。播種深度一般3～5厘米，土壤粘重地塊適當(dāng)淺播。根據(jù)品種特性及生產(chǎn)條件等確定適宜種植密度。一般地塊畝保苗1.2萬～1.5萬株，土壤水肥條件較好地塊可適當(dāng)提高種植密度；耐密品種或者晚播地塊應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加密度。
 
　　強(qiáng)化精準(zhǔn)施藥  減少產(chǎn)量損失
 
　　免耕覆秸精量播種可同時(shí)進(jìn)行封閉除草；無封閉除草或封閉除草效果不理想的田塊，可在大豆2～3片復(fù)葉期進(jìn)行苗后除草。黃淮片區(qū)主要蟲害有甜菜夜蛾、斜紋夜蛾、點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽、造橋蟲、蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛、葉蟬、煙粉虱等，重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽等刺吸蟲害動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警，蟲口達(dá)到閾值地塊施用噻蟲嗪或吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑田間噴霧防控，防止“癥青”發(fā)生，有條件地區(qū)開展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。規(guī)范噴藥時(shí)機(jī)、方法和用量，避免重噴、漏噴，降低藥害發(fā)生，提高防控效果。
 
　　水肥前控后促  提高大豆產(chǎn)量
 
　　黃淮南部地區(qū)播種時(shí)應(yīng)注意開好“三溝”，預(yù)防澇害、漬害發(fā)生。大豆苗期適當(dāng)控水，促進(jìn)大豆根系下扎；花莢鼓粒期時(shí)如遇干旱天氣，及時(shí)滴灌或噴灌補(bǔ)水，促進(jìn)大豆結(jié)莢和鼓粒。提倡結(jié)合播種側(cè)深施肥(10厘米左右)，可每畝施用復(fù)合肥15～20公斤；結(jié)莢鼓粒期長(zhǎng)勢(shì)偏弱地塊，利用水肥一體化設(shè)施或結(jié)合害蟲防治噴施尿素，增加單株有效莢數(shù)、單株粒數(shù)和百粒重，提高產(chǎn)量；對(duì)旺長(zhǎng)田塊，于分枝期或初花期可每畝用縮節(jié)胺20毫升兌水20公斤噴施或15%多效唑50克兌水40～50公斤噴施，控制節(jié)間伸長(zhǎng)，防止倒伏。
 
　　低損高質(zhì)收獲  確保豐產(chǎn)豐收
 
　　大豆適時(shí)收獲，當(dāng)植株葉片基本脫落、搖動(dòng)時(shí)有響鈴聲、籽粒含水量降為18%以下時(shí)進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲。收獲時(shí)避開露水，防止籽粒粘附泥土，影響外觀品質(zhì)；避開中午高溫時(shí)段，以免炸莢造成損失。開始作業(yè)前要保持機(jī)具良好技術(shù)狀態(tài)，減少作業(yè)故障，提高工作質(zhì)量和效率。以不漏莢為原則，盡量放低割臺(tái)。建議選用大豆專用收割機(jī)或者配備大豆專用收獲專用割臺(tái)的收割機(jī)收獲。使用稻麥?zhǔn)崭顧C(jī)收獲時(shí)，確保使用大豆專用篩子；注意調(diào)整撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，減輕對(duì)植株的擊打力度，減少落莢、落粒；正確選擇和調(diào)整脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速與間隙，降低大豆籽粒的破損率；適當(dāng)調(diào)大風(fēng)門，利于減少雜質(zhì)。

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