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農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)—保障農(nóng)民利益的“后一道屏障”

2019-10-23 09:28:59 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量:49946 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:經(jīng)過10多年發(fā)展,這一系列政策的實(shí)施有力促進(jìn)了我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展,提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的積極性和農(nóng)民收入。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 對(duì)于大部分農(nóng)民來說,一場(chǎng)突如其來的自然災(zāi)害可能會(huì)讓全年的辛勤汗水付之東流。雖然當(dāng)前我國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)已取得較大的發(fā)展,但依然不能完全擺脫“靠天吃飯”的魔咒。針對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)自然災(zāi)害,農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)是一種重要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移工具??稍谵r(nóng)民從事種植業(yè)、林業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)和漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中遭受自然災(zāi)害、意外事故、疫病、疾病等保險(xiǎn)事故造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失后為其提供保障。
 
  自2007年財(cái)政部實(shí)施農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)保費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼政策以來,不斷加大支持力度,推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)“擴(kuò)面、提標(biāo)、增品”。經(jīng)過10多年發(fā)展,這一系列政策的實(shí)施有力促進(jìn)了我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展,提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的積極性和農(nóng)民收入。

  惠及全國(guó)農(nóng)民的農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)為農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)和農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)提供風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障,助力鄉(xiāng)村振興發(fā)展。筆者整理了部分地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)近年的實(shí)施概況,為農(nóng)民脫貧“添磚加瓦”、為農(nóng)業(yè)保駕護(hù)航。
 
  陜西:2018年,陜西省承保糧食作物2264.75萬畝,森林1.55億畝,牲畜684.32萬頭,果樹178.52萬畝;共為513.87萬戶次農(nóng)戶提供農(nóng)險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障983.87億元,支付賠款5.54億元,使51.6萬戶次農(nóng)戶受益,戶均獲得賠款1074元。政策性農(nóng)險(xiǎn)在穩(wěn)定農(nóng)民增收、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展等方面取得了積極成效。
 
  目前,陜西省創(chuàng)新型農(nóng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品包括:“保險(xiǎn)+期貨”產(chǎn)品,涉及蘋果、雞蛋、玉米和紅棗等品種;價(jià)格指數(shù)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品,涵蓋生豬、蘋果、獼猴桃、蔬菜、花椒和肉牛等品種;氣象指數(shù)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品,有茶葉、花椒兩個(gè)品種。此外,一些保險(xiǎn)公司還開發(fā)了食用菌保險(xiǎn)、肉驢養(yǎng)殖保險(xiǎn)、烏雞養(yǎng)殖保險(xiǎn)、葡萄保險(xiǎn)、石榴保險(xiǎn)、櫻桃保險(xiǎn)、柿子保險(xiǎn)、冬棗保險(xiǎn)、特色梨保險(xiǎn)、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)綜合保險(xiǎn)、農(nóng)業(yè)氣象指數(shù)保險(xiǎn)等創(chuàng)新型農(nóng)險(xiǎn)品種。
 
  甘肅:2018年以來,甘肅省針對(duì)影響貧困戶發(fā)展特色產(chǎn)業(yè)容易出現(xiàn)的自然災(zāi)害和市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)“兩個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”,把實(shí)施農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)作為產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧的關(guān)鍵舉措,制定出臺(tái)了《甘肅省2018—2020年農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)助推脫貧攻堅(jiān)實(shí)施方案》,明確三年籌集38.8億元保費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼資金,全面啟動(dòng)“增品擴(kuò)面提標(biāo)降費(fèi)”工作,設(shè)立自然災(zāi)害保險(xiǎn)和目標(biāo)價(jià)格保險(xiǎn),在現(xiàn)有10個(gè)中央財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼險(xiǎn)種和蘋果、中藥材兩個(gè)省級(jí)補(bǔ)貼險(xiǎn)種的基礎(chǔ)上,新增肉牛、肉羊、高原夏菜、設(shè)施蔬菜、育肥豬和雞6個(gè)省級(jí)特色品種,支持市縣開辦花椒、核桃、蜜蜂等51個(gè)“一縣一(多)品”特色品種,并為貧困戶量身定制了種養(yǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合保險(xiǎn),初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)對(duì)“所有貧困戶、貧困戶所有種養(yǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)、自然災(zāi)害和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格波動(dòng)雙重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”三個(gè)全覆蓋。
 
  一年來,全省農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋貧困戶達(dá)到82萬戶(次),保費(fèi)總額11.5億元,保險(xiǎn)理賠7.3億元,從中直接受益農(nóng)戶達(dá)到117萬戶(次),極大地增強(qiáng)了農(nóng)民應(yīng)對(duì)“兩個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的能力,為貧困群眾穩(wěn)定增收提供了托底保障,有效解決了因?yàn)?zāi)受損“不白干”的問題。
 
  云南:“無災(zāi)不成年”是云南省農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的顯著特征,全省每年因?yàn)?zāi)損失均在數(shù)十億元。近年來,在云南省相關(guān)部門的積極推動(dòng)下,全省農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)工作取得階段性成效,在服務(wù)高原特色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、助力全省脫貧攻堅(jiān)等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。
 
  “十二五”以來,隨著農(nóng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)種的不斷增加和覆蓋范圍的逐年擴(kuò)大,云南省農(nóng)險(xiǎn)保費(fèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)了連續(xù)翻番。2016年1月至2018年8月,全省農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)共投入保費(fèi)17.9億元,為農(nóng)戶提供風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障394.77億元。“十二五”期間全省農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)年均增速達(dá)49.97%,累計(jì)支付賠款27.72億元,352.45萬戶次農(nóng)戶直接受益。至2017年末,云南省農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)種已達(dá)10多個(gè)品種,包括水稻、玉米、烤煙、油菜、青稞、甘蔗、橡膠等種植業(yè)險(xiǎn)種,能繁母豬、奶牛、牦牛、藏系羊等養(yǎng)殖業(yè)險(xiǎn)種和森林火災(zāi)險(xiǎn)種。此外,我省爭(zhēng)取中央財(cái)政農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)貼資金從2009年的0.4億元增加到2107年的1.3億元,增幅達(dá)325%。
 
  這些年來,飽受災(zāi)害之痛的農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)帶來的好處感受頗深,不少農(nóng)戶坦言:“有了農(nóng)險(xiǎn)保障,就像吃了‘定心丸’,即便在面臨自然災(zāi)害時(shí)也能穩(wěn)得住心,不懼從頭再來。”
 
  非洲豬瘟保險(xiǎn):為談“瘟”色變的養(yǎng)殖戶減少損失
 
  對(duì)于生豬養(yǎng)殖戶來說,從去年以來受損嚴(yán)重的主要原因非非洲豬瘟莫屬了,全國(guó)性突如其來的災(zāi)害讓生豬養(yǎng)殖業(yè)遭受了嚴(yán)重打擊。在此狀況下,從今年年初開始,山東、四川、云南三大生豬主產(chǎn)區(qū)分別以不同的方式將非洲豬瘟納入了保險(xiǎn)賠償范圍,并對(duì)能繁母豬開出了1000—1400元/頭的保額。
 
  其中,山東省修訂印發(fā)了《山東省畜牧業(yè)保險(xiǎn)實(shí)施方案》,將能繁母豬、育肥豬政策性保險(xiǎn)保額分別提高到1200元/頭和800元/頭,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率保持不變。在保費(fèi)方面,仍由農(nóng)戶自行承擔(dān)20%,中央財(cái)政承擔(dān)40%,省、市、縣財(cái)政分檔承擔(dān)40%。新方案在不增加農(nóng)戶保費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān)比例的情況下提高了保險(xiǎn)額度、擴(kuò)大了保險(xiǎn)范圍、優(yōu)化了賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在增加養(yǎng)殖戶保險(xiǎn)利益的同時(shí)也提高了保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu)的可操作性和賠付度;
 
  四川廣元推出非洲豬瘟撲殺保險(xiǎn),其中能繁母豬高保額1400元/頭,育肥豬保額500元/頭,保費(fèi)則分別為14元/頭和5元/頭。政府實(shí)施強(qiáng)制撲殺的,保險(xiǎn)公司按保險(xiǎn)合同約定負(fù)責(zé)賠償,并在堅(jiān)持自愿的基礎(chǔ)上做到應(yīng)保盡保;
 
  云南省實(shí)施非洲豬瘟疫病政府強(qiáng)制撲殺補(bǔ)償保險(xiǎn),在保險(xiǎn)期間內(nèi),一旦發(fā)生非洲豬瘟疫情,養(yǎng)殖生豬被政府畜牧獸醫(yī)部門撲殺,視為保險(xiǎn)事故發(fā)生,保險(xiǎn)人按照保險(xiǎn)合同約定負(fù)責(zé)賠償。育肥豬承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障金500元/頭,能繁母豬或種豬承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障金1000元/頭。
 
  拓寬農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域:農(nóng)機(jī)大棚、農(nóng)房倉庫納入保障范圍
 
  雖然多年來農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)在推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、促進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)振興、改進(jìn)農(nóng)村社會(huì)治理、保障農(nóng)民收益等方面成效顯著,但其發(fā)展仍面臨一些困難和問題,與服務(wù)“三農(nóng)”的實(shí)際需求相比仍有較大差距。
 
  近日,國(guó)家財(cái)政部、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、銀保監(jiān)會(huì)、林草局四部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《關(guān)于加快農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見》,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展提出了更加具體的政策措施。其中,在“拓寬農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域”方面提到:滿足多元化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障需求,探索構(gòu)建涵蓋財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼基本險(xiǎn)、商業(yè)險(xiǎn)和附加險(xiǎn)等的農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品體系。穩(wěn)步推廣指數(shù)保險(xiǎn)、區(qū)域產(chǎn)量保險(xiǎn)、涉農(nóng)保險(xiǎn),探索開展一攬子綜合險(xiǎn),將農(nóng)機(jī)大棚、農(nóng)房倉庫等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施設(shè)備納入保障范圍。開發(fā)滿足新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體需求的保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品。
 
  2019年中央一號(hào)文件提出,要完善農(nóng)業(yè)支持保護(hù)制度。按照增加總量、優(yōu)化存量、提能的原則,強(qiáng)化高質(zhì)量綠色發(fā)展導(dǎo)向,加快構(gòu)建新型農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼政策體系。按照適應(yīng)世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則、保護(hù)農(nóng)民利益、支持農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的原則,抓緊研究制定完善農(nóng)業(yè)支持保護(hù)政策的意見。按照擴(kuò)面增品、提標(biāo)的要求,完善農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)政策。推進(jìn)稻谷、小麥、玉米完全成本保險(xiǎn)和收入保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)。擴(kuò)大農(nóng)業(yè)大災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)和“保險(xiǎn)+期貨”試點(diǎn)。探索對(duì)地方優(yōu)勢(shì)特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品保險(xiǎn)實(shí)施以獎(jiǎng)代補(bǔ)試點(diǎn)。
 
  結(jié)語:我國(guó)地大物博,自然災(zāi)害頻繁分布面廣且年均損失嚴(yán)重,加快農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,提高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障水平尤為迫切。除政府層面出臺(tái)各種政策措施外,提高農(nóng)民農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)意識(shí)、擴(kuò)大宣傳,加強(qiáng)農(nóng)民群眾對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)、作用以及投保和賠付方法等方面的深入了解也十分重要。通過農(nóng)民自愿和行政組織推動(dòng)相結(jié)合,努力形成有利于農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境和宣傳氛圍,切實(shí)提高廣大農(nóng)民的保險(xiǎn)意識(shí)和預(yù)防能力。
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