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湖南省農(nóng)作物秸稈資源利用模式

2020-03-17 09:04:07 來(lái)源:湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:27979 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:在水稻收割機(jī)上安裝秸稈腐稈劑噴灑裝置和秸稈粉碎裝置,不僅有利于秸稈還田,而且能防止農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械對(duì)土地的多次碾壓,噴灑出的霧狀秸稈腐稈劑均勻、與稻草的粘合度好,促進(jìn)了秸稈的腐解,為紫云英的出苗提供覆蓋和后期生長(zhǎng)提供養(yǎng)分。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 一、秸稈粉碎還田模式
 
  “水稻收割+稻草粉碎+稻草拋撒+噴灑腐稈劑+撒播紫云英種子”五位一體綠肥輕簡(jiǎn)生產(chǎn)模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  在水稻收割機(jī)上安裝秸稈腐稈劑噴灑裝置和秸稈粉碎裝置,不僅有利于秸稈還田,而且能防止農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械對(duì)土地的多次碾壓,噴灑出的霧狀秸稈腐稈劑均勻、與稻草的粘合度好,促進(jìn)了秸稈的腐解,為紫云英的出苗提供覆蓋和后期生長(zhǎng)提供養(yǎng)分。
 
  (2)模式特點(diǎn):
 
  通過(guò)在噴灑管的兩側(cè)布置擋風(fēng)板,起到遮擋風(fēng)流的作用,降低環(huán)境中的風(fēng)流對(duì)從噴嘴噴出的秸稈腐解劑的影響,防秸稈腐解劑在風(fēng)流作用下沿著噴灑管長(zhǎng)度方向飄散,有利于提高秸稈腐解劑噴灑的均勻性和與稻草的粘合效果,調(diào)整支板在擋風(fēng)板不同位置處的限位框內(nèi),便于根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況調(diào)整擋風(fēng)板的高度,提高適用性。達(dá)到紫云英種子均勻撒播在地,粉碎的稻草均勻覆蓋在種子上的目的,為紫云英種子的出苗提供了保溫、遮陰,且厚度不影響出苗,粘合有腐解劑的稻草前期的快速腐解為紫云英種子的前期生長(zhǎng)提提供養(yǎng)分,紫云英前期生長(zhǎng)不需要施肥。
 
  (3)模式流程和裝置設(shè)計(jì):
 
  水稻收割稻草粉碎拋撒噴灑腐稈劑和種子撒播的裝置(圖1),包括水稻收割機(jī)、安裝在水稻收割機(jī)上排料口處的秸稈粉碎機(jī)和安裝在秸稈粉碎機(jī)上表面的紫云英種子撒播機(jī),排料口上表面安裝儲(chǔ)腐稈劑箱,儲(chǔ)腐稈劑箱外表面安裝軟管連接增壓泵進(jìn)水端,增壓泵出水端連接噴灑管,噴灑管設(shè)置在秸稈粉碎機(jī)遠(yuǎn)離排料口的一側(cè),噴灑管外表面下部位置等距安裝多個(gè)噴嘴,噴灑管的兩側(cè)均設(shè)有擋風(fēng)板,擋風(fēng)板背離噴灑管的一面等距固定多個(gè)限位框,限位框與擋風(fēng)板固定連接,限位框內(nèi)設(shè)有支板,支板固定在限位框內(nèi),支板遠(yuǎn)離限位框的一端套設(shè)U型框,U型框與水稻收割機(jī)固定連接,支板通過(guò)第二連接螺栓固定在U型框內(nèi)。
 
圖1五位一體裝置
 
  二、秸稈肥料化(有機(jī)肥)利用模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  收集秸稈與農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)廢棄物(畜禽糞便、藥渣、菜餅、菌渣等)進(jìn)行無(wú)害化處理、腐熟發(fā)酵,添加微生物菌種,制作功能項(xiàng)較強(qiáng)的生物有機(jī)肥,生物有機(jī)肥有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高,能夠改善土壤理化性狀,增強(qiáng)土壤保水、保肥、供肥的能力,緩解長(zhǎng)期施用化肥造成的土壤酸化、板結(jié)。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  收集秸稈→粉碎→原料組織→進(jìn)料→輔料添加及調(diào)節(jié)C/N、含水量等→攪拌均勻→堆放發(fā)酵與定期翻堆→腐熟完成→添加功能微生物→二次發(fā)酵→質(zhì)量檢測(cè)→造粒→成品裝袋→成品入庫(kù)。
 
  (3)模式特點(diǎn):
 
  利用農(nóng)作物秸稈、畜禽糞便和微生物菌種,生產(chǎn)有機(jī)肥實(shí)現(xiàn)了“秸稈-離田-有機(jī)肥-還田”循環(huán)利用模式;通過(guò)推廣秸稈有機(jī)肥生產(chǎn)技術(shù),既可使秸稈廢棄物得到無(wú)害化處理,又可以通過(guò)生物有機(jī)肥增產(chǎn)增效,實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的有機(jī)結(jié)合;秸稈與農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)廢棄物的資源化循環(huán)利用是農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。
 
  三、秸稈飼料化模式
 
  1、頭飼再食型飼糧兩用水稻秸稈全量利用模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  再生稻作為“一種兩收”的生產(chǎn)方式,再生季成本低,管理簡(jiǎn)單,是一種高效高產(chǎn)輕省的周年水稻生產(chǎn)方式;青貯、黃貯技術(shù)是分別將水分含量較高的全株(65%左右)和秸稈原料(50%左右)通過(guò)添加適量的水分(控制在65%~70%)和復(fù)合菌劑,在厭氧條件下,使原料纖維素、半纖維素及一些木質(zhì)素降解轉(zhuǎn)化為易發(fā)酵的糖類,而糖類經(jīng)有機(jī)酸發(fā)酵轉(zhuǎn)化為乳酸和揮發(fā)性脂肪酸,提高秸稈的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值。再生稻頭季由于高溫灌漿,稻谷做口糧時(shí)碾米品質(zhì)、外觀品種和食味品質(zhì)較差,因此,將再生稻頭季刈割全株做青貯,再生季收獲稻谷后的秸稈作黃貯,不僅使再生季的產(chǎn)量米質(zhì)大幅提升,而且又能將秸稈進(jìn)行全量離田處理,通過(guò)草食動(dòng)物過(guò)腹還田。青貯和黃貯后的秸稈飼料可以周年或跨年儲(chǔ)存。以再生稻秸稈飼料為基礎(chǔ)日糧飼喂牛、羊,通過(guò)補(bǔ)充適宜比例的蛋白質(zhì)飼料和部分青綠飼料,可以產(chǎn)生正的飼料組合效應(yīng)。牛、羊飼養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)表明,再生稻頭季全株青貯料適口性好,飼喂效果大幅優(yōu)于干稻草,與全株青貯玉米相當(dāng)。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  首先通過(guò)栽培技術(shù)進(jìn)行定向栽培管理,為形成再生稻頭季飼料化利用提供原料基礎(chǔ);頭季全株經(jīng)過(guò)適時(shí)刈割、砸短、添加菌種密封發(fā)酵,形成品質(zhì)較佳的青貯發(fā)酵飼料;頭季全株也可以經(jīng)過(guò)適時(shí)刈割、烘干、粉碎,添加能量、蛋白和微量元素經(jīng)過(guò)配方調(diào)制制粒,形成全價(jià)顆粒飼料。再生季水稻收獲后,秸稈立即撿拾打捆,裝袋或裹包黃貯,形成黃貯飼料。飼食兩用型再生稻秸稈全量利用的基本流程是:
 
  水稻定向栽培→頭季適時(shí)刈割→全株青貯或制粒→再生季完熟收獲→秸稈黃貯或制粒。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  該模式能保障草食動(dòng)物粗飼料安全、穩(wěn)定粗飼料供應(yīng),提供的水稻青貯、黃貯,養(yǎng)殖戶可與種植戶直接訂單對(duì)接,減少中間環(huán)節(jié),既提高水稻秸稈利用價(jià)值,又降低草食動(dòng)物粗飼料成本;通過(guò)定向栽培,再生稻頭季鮮草產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2.5噸/畝,再生季稻米產(chǎn)量可達(dá)450kg以上,與現(xiàn)有再生稻種植模式相比,顯著提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益;模式可以實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)資源利用節(jié)約化、農(nóng)業(yè)投入減量化、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程清潔化,一田兩用,糧飼生產(chǎn)協(xié)調(diào),助推構(gòu)建生態(tài)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)體系,推動(dòng)資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型和生態(tài)保育型農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展,提升農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展水平、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)水平和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全水平。
 
  2、秸稈青/黃貯飼料化模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  農(nóng)作物秸稈含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和可利用的化學(xué)成分,通過(guò)物理、化學(xué)、生物等處理方法,添加輔料和營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,可以制成營(yíng)養(yǎng)齊全、適口性好的牲畜飼料。秸稈青(黃)貯是在適宜的條件下,通過(guò)有益厭氧菌如乳酸菌等大量繁殖抑制腐敗菌等微生物活動(dòng),從而達(dá)到抑制和殺死多種有害微生物保存飼料的目的。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  第一步,將收集的農(nóng)作物秸稈通過(guò)揉絲機(jī)進(jìn)行柔絲破碎,混勻,經(jīng)進(jìn)料斗至輸送體輸送到打包機(jī)罐體內(nèi);第二步,物料全部進(jìn)入罐體后通過(guò)打包機(jī)和生物膜進(jìn)行打包,以便儲(chǔ)存;經(jīng)過(guò)微生物發(fā)酵作用,達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期保存其營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的一種處理技術(shù)方法。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  秸稈通過(guò)青(黃)貯、壓塊、膨化等方式加工成牲畜飼料,提高了秸稈飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率,拓展了飼料來(lái)源,節(jié)約了飼料用量,有效緩解糧食供需矛盾;通過(guò)秸稈飼料化利用,緩解了禁燒壓力,保護(hù)了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境,又大幅降低了飼料企業(yè)原料成本,進(jìn)而減少農(nóng)村養(yǎng)殖業(yè)成本,增收節(jié)支,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)鏈良性發(fā)展,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)“精料型”畜牧業(yè)向“節(jié)糧型”畜牧業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變。按現(xiàn)有的飼養(yǎng)飼料成本計(jì)算,秸稈飼料可以創(chuàng)造3倍左右的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,可實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶、飼料生產(chǎn)企業(yè)與養(yǎng)殖大戶的多方共贏。
 
  四、秸稈基料化模式
 
  1、大球蓋菇秸稈利用模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  通過(guò)開溝等方式將秸稈放置于溝中,接種大球蓋菇菌種后再覆土,采收大球蓋菇。利用植物秸稈(殼)為原料,可在大田、林地或大棚能進(jìn)行間作套種、溫室大棚反季栽培;同時(shí)可在不加麥麩等輔料的條件下即可栽培正常出菇。大球蓋菇種植技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)單,種植原料豐富,適應(yīng)性廣,投入低,產(chǎn)值高,勞動(dòng)量小,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益相比其它種植業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯;還能充分利用農(nóng)閑水田與冬季農(nóng)閑勞動(dòng)力,是一種操作方便的秸稈綜合利用模式。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  主要包括菌種培養(yǎng)、菌床制作、接種菌劑、采收等環(huán)節(jié)。食用菌菌種篩選→菌種制備→栽培袋制作→子實(shí)體栽培→溫度調(diào)節(jié)、光誘導(dǎo)、CO2濃度控制、輔助技術(shù)→產(chǎn)品采后處理。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  消除稻草焚燒帶來(lái)的環(huán)境污染,提高了水田肥份,促進(jìn)次年水稻產(chǎn)量提高;對(duì)農(nóng)村調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),農(nóng)戶增產(chǎn)增收,具有良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、環(huán)保效益與社會(huì)效益。
 
  在栽培時(shí)間適宜、培養(yǎng)料配方適宜和管理得當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下畝產(chǎn)一般1500~2000kg,保護(hù)地栽培畝產(chǎn)一般可以達(dá)到2000~2500kg。當(dāng)前,鮮菇市場(chǎng)售價(jià)為20~30元/kg、春季鮮菇市場(chǎng)售價(jià)約為10元/kg,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益可觀。
 
  2、秸稈生產(chǎn)草菇、長(zhǎng)根菇利用模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  將收集的水稻秸稈經(jīng)過(guò)粉碎、浸泡、除水、發(fā)酵、殺菌等物理化學(xué)過(guò)程加工成栽培基質(zhì),接種草菇。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  水稻秸稈切成短段或碎屑,用1-3%的石灰水浸泡12h左右,堆積24h,濕料含水量為70-75%,多余水份濾除或壓榨去除。將濕料拌入輔料后堆積蓋膜,進(jìn)行好氣性發(fā)酵,待堆溫升至60℃時(shí),保持0.5d后翻堆。堆溫再次上升至60℃時(shí)保持6d后散堆。堆料送往栽培室或菇場(chǎng)使用時(shí),采用高溫殺菌(70℃以上高溫密閉8h)后通風(fēng)再行草菇接種。
 
  原料準(zhǔn)備→料預(yù)處理→混料→發(fā)酵→鋪料→巴氏消毒→接種→發(fā)菌管理→出菇管理→清房。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  通過(guò)秸稈基料化生產(chǎn)出的草菇質(zhì)優(yōu)、味鮮,豐富了人們生活食材,提高了企業(yè)和菇農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)收益;經(jīng)濟(jì)效益可觀,正常產(chǎn)量為100㎏稻秸產(chǎn)鮮草菇20㎏,按市價(jià)約40元/㎏,每噸秸稈可產(chǎn)出8000元;可按“公司+農(nóng)戶”模式,采取“統(tǒng)一提供菌種、統(tǒng)一生產(chǎn)技術(shù)服務(wù)、統(tǒng)一訂單?;厥?、統(tǒng)一市場(chǎng)銷售”方式帶動(dòng)農(nóng)戶發(fā)展草菇產(chǎn)業(yè)。
 
  3、果菌套種模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  主要利用農(nóng)作物秸稈與木屑、松木屑、甘蔗渣、豆渣等制作黑木耳、松茸、竹蓀、靈芝等栽培基質(zhì),菌類與藍(lán)莓、樹莓、葡萄等名優(yōu)水果套種,藍(lán)莓、樹莓、葡萄為菌類生長(zhǎng)提供了舒適的自然生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,菌類生長(zhǎng)采收后的基料藍(lán)莓、樹莓、葡萄的生長(zhǎng)增加了優(yōu)質(zhì)有機(jī)肥料,同時(shí)果木林地15~20㎝厚的基料墊層有效抑制了雜草生長(zhǎng)。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  原料準(zhǔn)備→料預(yù)處理→混料→發(fā)酵→巴氏消毒→鋪料→接種→發(fā)菌管理→出菇管理。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  促進(jìn)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,為秸稈綜合利用,點(diǎn)廢成金提供了有效示范;秸稈制作菌類栽培基質(zhì)不僅為菌類提供了良好的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,為果類生長(zhǎng)提供了良好的有機(jī)肥料,15~20cm厚的基料也能有效抑制雜草的生長(zhǎng);經(jīng)濟(jì)效益可觀,鮮木耳、縣靈芝、松茸以及竹蓀等市場(chǎng)價(jià)格較高,利潤(rùn)可觀。
 
  五、秸稈制作燃料顆粒能源化模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  秸稈生物燃料顆粒主要是以作物以及廢棄物為原料供熱,代替有限資源石油、天然氣、煤炭等燃燒,以起到綠色環(huán)保等目的。在當(dāng)前國(guó)家環(huán)保要求小型鍋爐禁止燃煤的情況下,秸稈制作燃料顆粒能源化完全可以替代燃煤,一方面綠色環(huán)保,同時(shí)也使秸稈得以綜合利用。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  秸稈經(jīng)過(guò)初步烘干(秸稈濕度大于20%時(shí)需要)→破碎→粉碎→顆粒擠壓成型(制粒)→成品(冷卻)。秸稈的能源化利用,秸稈造粒要求原料的水分在20%以下,如果水分過(guò)高需要烘干,然后經(jīng)過(guò)破碎、粉碎、成型,可根據(jù)客戶的需要制造*燃燒熱量的生物質(zhì)顆粒。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)勢(shì)
 
  避免了秸稈露天集中焚燒,遏止了大氣、水環(huán)境的繼續(xù)污染;秸稈生產(chǎn)生物燃料顆??商娲济簩?shí)現(xiàn)能源利用方式轉(zhuǎn)變,具有較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和產(chǎn)業(yè)化前景。
 
  六、秸稈原料化模式
 
  1、秸稈加工優(yōu)質(zhì)生態(tài)板材技術(shù)
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  以農(nóng)作物秸稈為主要原料生產(chǎn)生態(tài)人造板,加工性能優(yōu)于刨花板,產(chǎn)品色澤自然亮麗、密度均勻,可與木質(zhì)板相媲美,這是中密度纖維板、刨花板無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。生產(chǎn)采用MDI膠粘劑,不含甲醛,防水性能好,吸水膨脹率低,膠粘劑用量?jī)H3-5%,無(wú)需添加防水劑,從而大大降低了產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)成本,完全符合綠色環(huán)保要求,廣泛用于建筑、裝潢、家具、工藝品、家電外殼等,相對(duì)其他板材優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力強(qiáng)。秸稈通過(guò)雙通道芯表層干燥系統(tǒng),在秸稈回收到工廠之后,通過(guò)原材料檢查、切斷、粉碎、篩選、打磨、拌無(wú)醛膠等工藝后,直接進(jìn)到預(yù)壓機(jī)進(jìn)行預(yù)壓,再進(jìn)到核心壓機(jī),通過(guò)高溫高壓的過(guò)程,終形成真正無(wú)醛環(huán)保的生態(tài)板材。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  稻草秸稈→干燥粉碎→篩選→拌膠→芯層鋪裝→預(yù)壓→熱壓→涼板→養(yǎng)生→砂光→鋸切→包裝→出庫(kù)
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  低碳環(huán)保產(chǎn)品使用秸稈纖維替代普通木纖維,具有雙重低碳減排效應(yīng);每制造1立方米生態(tài)秸稈板,需使用1.2噸秸稈,可減少的碳排放為2.52噸,其次間接減少森林砍伐,每生產(chǎn)1立方米秸稈板減少樹木砍伐、保護(hù)森林產(chǎn)生的碳減排達(dá)到5.49噸,有效減少秸稈焚燒帶來(lái)的霧霾等影響,減少木材消耗量,保護(hù)青山綠水的優(yōu)美環(huán)境。
 
  2、秸稈制作花炮基座生產(chǎn)模式
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  傳統(tǒng)花炮基座主要是以廢紙加工而成,本模式將作物(水稻)秸稈通過(guò)撿拾打捆機(jī)收集移出稻田,經(jīng)烘干,再粉碎成10毫米左右的稻草纖維,然后再按一定比例加入粘合劑、阻燃劑及其他配料,以機(jī)械攪拌、擠壓成型、恒溫固化,后通壓包成型制成花炮底座,入庫(kù)、銷售,既提高了秸稈的附加值,也解決了花炮企業(yè)的原料問(wèn)題。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  稻草秸稈收集→前處理→粉碎→加入粘合劑混合→鋪裝→熱壓成型→冷卻脫模→檢查→入庫(kù)。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  通過(guò)秸稈綜合利用與地方產(chǎn)業(yè)的有機(jī)結(jié)合,增加了就業(yè),提高了秸稈的價(jià)值及利潤(rùn);農(nóng)民將廢棄在田間的秸稈收集后送至利用企業(yè)可增加收入;利用秸稈替代廢紙,作為煙花底座原料,可降低煙花底座生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的原料成本,同時(shí)減少造紙帶來(lái)的污染;應(yīng)用秸稈替代廢紙,可減少森林的砍伐,增加綠色覆蓋面積,減少水土流失。
 
  3、秸稈制作防滑草支墊
 
  (1)模式內(nèi)涵:
 
  秸稈經(jīng)過(guò)初步分揀、梳理、壓縮等過(guò)程,在壓縮以后用鐵絲進(jìn)行捆扎,終形成防滑性較強(qiáng)的適合鋼鐵廠使用的防滑草支墊。使用稻草的整草,從根本上了減少了秸稈留田。將原來(lái)的“農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物”變廢為寶,產(chǎn)生較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,農(nóng)業(yè)合作社和農(nóng)民增收,有利于促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,促進(jìn)農(nóng)戶秸稈收集積極性和效益。
 
  (2)模式流程:
 
  第一步,收集整草,一般長(zhǎng)度為80~100左右厘米為宜;第二步,把收集的稻草梳理;第三步,梳理后的稻草使用壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)行壓縮,壓力在70噸左右,把稻草物理加工,壓縮成1.5米長(zhǎng)寬0.16米,厚0.15米的草支墊,秸稈加工草支墊完成。
 
  (3)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn):
 
  秸稈加工制成的草支墊主要作為防滑材料大量應(yīng)用于鋼鐵生產(chǎn)企業(yè),是裝載鋼坯、板坯、卷鋼、管材、水泥軌枕、電桿、建筑水泥構(gòu)件、石料等各種型材及大件貨物加固的防滑襯墊,其生產(chǎn)方式投資小、占地面積小,操作簡(jiǎn)便,且能帶來(lái)較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。目前草支墊價(jià)格在5-6元/條。
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