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塑料大棚葉菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2020-03-20 09:08:54 來源:北京市農(nóng)機(jī)鑒定推廣站 閱讀量:27934 評論

導(dǎo)讀: 3月氣溫回暖,正值春茬塑料大棚蔬菜生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵階段,為扎實(shí)做好塑料大棚蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)服務(wù)工作,切實(shí)提高我市蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平,特提出塑料大棚葉菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供生產(chǎn)單位參考。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 3月氣溫回暖,正值春茬塑料大棚蔬菜生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵階段,為扎實(shí)做好塑料大棚蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)服務(wù)工作,切實(shí)提高我市蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平,特提出塑料大棚葉菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供生產(chǎn)單位參考。
 
  一、適用棚型
 
  適宜機(jī)械化作業(yè)的鋼骨架塑料大棚(無立柱或立柱較少),基本參數(shù)為:棚脊高≥3.2m,棚肩高≥1.5m,棚跨度≥8m,棚長度≥60m。
 
  二、塑料大棚結(jié)構(gòu)改造技術(shù)
 
  (一)大棚兩端宜機(jī)化改造技術(shù)
 
  針對傳統(tǒng)塑料大棚結(jié)構(gòu)兩端封閉,中間只留有人員進(jìn)出通道,不便于現(xiàn)有農(nóng)機(jī)具進(jìn)出作業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,將大棚兩端封閉的固定結(jié)構(gòu),改造成中間兩扇推拉門、推拉門兩側(cè)各一個整體可拆卸的活動扇。推拉門便于日常管理人員進(jìn)出作業(yè),在作物倒茬和農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)季節(jié),可將中間兩扇推拉門和兩側(cè)兩個活動扇同時(shí)卸下,便于機(jī)械進(jìn)出和循環(huán)作業(yè),農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)完成后安裝上推拉門和快速插接的活動扇,進(jìn)行棚室的正常生產(chǎn)管理。通過大棚兩端宜機(jī)化改造實(shí)現(xiàn)了大棚蔬菜生產(chǎn)旋耕、起壟、種植、收獲等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)的機(jī)械化作業(yè),降低了勞動強(qiáng)度,提高了生產(chǎn)效率和綜合機(jī)械化水平。
 
       (二)大棚頂風(fēng)口控制技術(shù)
 
  針對夏季大棚種植中上層溫度較高的問題,在大棚的頂部中央每隔8~10m設(shè)置一個天窗,根據(jù)大棚的整體情況每個棚設(shè)置8~10個不等。天窗的設(shè)計(jì)尺寸縱向長1m,橫向?qū)?.7m,由內(nèi)向外開,棚內(nèi)控制,開啟度0~90度可調(diào)。
 
       三、塑料大棚葉菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)
 
  塑料大棚是設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要形式,主要起到使蔬菜種植春提前、秋延后的種植效果,種植品種以果類菜和葉類菜種植為主,葉類菜由于生產(chǎn)周期短,機(jī)械化作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)基本類似,以種植范圍廣、面積相對占比較高的油菜為例,按照油菜生產(chǎn)過程中的有機(jī)肥撒施、旋耕、起壟(做畦)、精量直播、植保打藥、收獲6個環(huán)節(jié)與順序,來說明塑料大棚葉菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)。
 
  (一)有機(jī)肥撒施技術(shù)
 
  采用履帶自走式撒肥機(jī),用于設(shè)施內(nèi)有機(jī)肥(面肥和顆粒肥)的撒施。撒肥量按照農(nóng)藝種植要求及種植作物品種視情況確定,油菜一般畝施底肥1~2t。有機(jī)肥或者復(fù)合肥撒施要均勻。
 
 
       (二)旋耕技術(shù)
 
  采用大棚王拖拉機(jī)+普通旋耕機(jī)進(jìn)行旋耕作業(yè)。旋耕深度≥15cm,耕深穩(wěn)定性≥85%,碎土率≥80%。要打破犁底層,作業(yè)不留死角,每個作業(yè)幅寬接壟處要保障都作業(yè)到,作業(yè)后土壤細(xì)碎松軟,達(dá)到后續(xù)作業(yè)要求。
 
       (三)起壟技術(shù)
 
  配套專用起壟設(shè)備或者旋耕起壟聯(lián)合作業(yè)設(shè)備。設(shè)備選擇要考慮機(jī)具本身尺寸、配套動力,應(yīng)根據(jù)蔬菜品種及其種植行距等農(nóng)藝要求,確定合適的起壟壟距,同時(shí)要注意作業(yè)的壟型尺寸、壟距設(shè)計(jì)要與后期收獲機(jī)械的參數(shù)相適應(yīng)。正式作業(yè)前,應(yīng)根據(jù)作業(yè)大棚形狀和大小、大棚跨度,規(guī)劃合理的壟體分布和作業(yè)路線,減少空駛行程??赏ㄟ^劃線、動力設(shè)備上加裝北斗導(dǎo)航自動駕駛系統(tǒng)等方式,提高作業(yè)壟體直線度,保持壟距的一致性。根據(jù)目前收獲機(jī)幅寬,可以設(shè)置壟頂寬為0.7m或1.2m兩種,起壟高度一般10~15cm即可。起壟作業(yè)后壟形應(yīng)完整,壟溝回土、浮土少,壟體土壤上層細(xì)碎緊實(shí),下層粗大松散。
 
 
       (四)油菜精量直播技術(shù)
 
  配套葉菜精量播種機(jī),一次完成開種溝、播種、覆土等工序。根據(jù)種植農(nóng)藝要求調(diào)節(jié)好機(jī)具的株行距。一般油菜種植設(shè)置行距10cm,株距4~6cm,播深0.5~1cm,一穴播1~2粒即可。機(jī)具粒距合格指數(shù)≥60%,重播指數(shù)≤30%,漏播指數(shù)≤25%。作業(yè)前可對壟面進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓作業(yè),確保壟面土壤細(xì)碎緊實(shí)。作業(yè)時(shí)操作人員要走壟溝,避免對壟面平整度產(chǎn)生影響。
 
       (五)植保打藥技術(shù)
 
  配套相應(yīng)規(guī)格的植保打藥機(jī),滿足機(jī)具行走及植保打藥作業(yè)要求。選用高效、低毒、低殘留的農(nóng)藥并采用合理施藥方法。施液量的誤差率≤10%,常規(guī)量噴霧的藥液的附著率≥33 %(內(nèi)吸劑除外),作物機(jī)械損傷率≤1%。噴藥時(shí)行走速度要勻速,相鄰行程要接壟嚴(yán)密,防止重噴漏噴,做到均勻噴灑。
 
  (六)油菜收獲技術(shù)
 
  根據(jù)前期起壟寬度,配套選用小型電動式葉菜收獲機(jī)。目前比較成熟的收獲機(jī)有兩種,一種采用36V直流電機(jī)作為動力設(shè)備,充一次電可作業(yè)3h,收獲寬度0.7m,效率0.03 hm2/h 。另一種采用48V直流電機(jī)作為動力設(shè)備,充一次電可作業(yè)6h,收獲寬度1.2m,效率0.08 hm2/h 。保證作業(yè)幅寬與前期壟寬配套,機(jī)具行走輪在壟溝中直線前進(jìn)。作業(yè)前要對收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行調(diào)試,使收獲機(jī)割臺貼到壟面作業(yè),保證收獲后的油菜散葉少,商品性好。
 
  (一)機(jī)具進(jìn)出塑料大棚作業(yè)時(shí)除機(jī)手外,至少要有一名作業(yè)人員引導(dǎo),防止機(jī)具、人員受到意外傷害;
 
  (二)在作業(yè)前應(yīng)對機(jī)手進(jìn)行操作培訓(xùn),避免作業(yè)時(shí)發(fā)生意外,造成人身或財(cái)務(wù)損失;
 
  (三)農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝要相向融合,考慮農(nóng)藝要求時(shí)要把便于機(jī)具作業(yè)考慮在其中,降低作業(yè)難度、提高作業(yè)效率。
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