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2024年黃淮海夏玉米冬小麥“雙晚”技術(shù)意見

2024-09-15 11:05:51 來源:全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量:16204 評論

導(dǎo)讀:今年極端天氣多發(fā),夏玉米經(jīng)歷高溫干旱、旱澇急轉(zhuǎn),影響了穗分化和穗粒數(shù)形成,適期晚收延長籽粒灌漿時(shí)間、增加粒重是實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米豐產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)的重要措施。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 黃淮海地區(qū)是我國小麥玉米一年兩熟、周年輪作的重要產(chǎn)區(qū)。今年極端天氣多發(fā),夏玉米經(jīng)歷高溫干旱、旱澇急轉(zhuǎn),影響了穗分化和穗粒數(shù)形成,適期晚收延長籽粒灌漿時(shí)間、增加粒重是實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米豐產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)的重要措施。同時(shí),小麥適期晚播有利于控制冬前分蘗、培育冬前壯苗,構(gòu)建冬前健壯群體,實(shí)現(xiàn)安全越冬。為統(tǒng)籌黃淮海地區(qū)小麥玉米周年生產(chǎn),農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米、小麥專家指導(dǎo)組與全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心聯(lián)合會商,以“夏玉米適期晚收促灌漿增粒重、小麥適期晚播控群體防旺長”為重點(diǎn),提出2024年黃淮海夏玉米冬小麥“雙晚”技術(shù)意見
 
  夏玉米適期晚收促灌漿增粒重
 
  (一)合理配方,一噴多促玉米灌漿乳熟期以提高灌漿效率、增強(qiáng)群體抗性為重點(diǎn),開展一噴多促。使用蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等玉米專用生長調(diào)節(jié)劑,中后期可再增加吡唑醚菌酯等甲氧基丙烯酸酯類藥劑兼顧防病和促進(jìn)灌漿,配套使用磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥;因地制宜使用殺蟲殺菌劑防控病蟲。注意作業(yè)時(shí)機(jī),一般選擇在無風(fēng)天避開正午高溫時(shí)間,上午9點(diǎn)至下午6點(diǎn)無露水時(shí)噴施。
 
  (二)延長灌漿,適期晚收玉米最佳收獲期為生理成熟之后的完熟期,即苞葉黃白干枯松散,籽粒乳線消失脫水變硬,且籽?;砍霈F(xiàn)明確的“黑層”,呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤。根據(jù)品種特性、茬口銜接、氣象特點(diǎn)可適當(dāng)延遲收獲時(shí)間,一般日均氣溫16℃以下玉米灌漿速度明顯下降,14℃以下灌漿基本停止,再推遲收獲意義不大。正常情況下黃淮海北片可延遲到10月5—10日收獲、不遲于10月15日,黃淮海南片可延遲到10月10—20日收獲、不遲于10月25日。
 
  (三)規(guī)范作業(yè),機(jī)收減損。密切關(guān)注天氣變化,做好機(jī)手機(jī)具調(diào)配、收割機(jī)保養(yǎng)調(diào)試、晾曬烘干儲藏等預(yù)收準(zhǔn)備工作。規(guī)范作業(yè)速度,提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量,當(dāng)密度高、群體大、產(chǎn)量高、早晚及雨后植株濕度大時(shí),適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度;對過濕地塊,優(yōu)先選用履帶式農(nóng)機(jī);對倒伏地塊,優(yōu)先選用能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機(jī)或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置。收獲后及時(shí)晾曬或烘干,穗收玉米籽粒含水率降至20%以下時(shí),再機(jī)械脫粒,以防霉變。
 
  冬小麥適期晚播控群體防旺長
 
  (一)科學(xué)耕整地,打好麥播基礎(chǔ)。因地制宜深松深翻,一般2—3年深翻或深松一次,耕深以25—35厘米為宜。秸稈還田留茬高度10厘米以下,做到“切碎撒勻、草土混勻、鎮(zhèn)壓耙實(shí)”;深耕或深旋滅草還田,深耕埋草深度應(yīng)達(dá)到25厘米以上,深旋埋草深度應(yīng)達(dá)到12—15厘米,混勻草土,防止集中于播種層。墑情適宜的地塊可在播種前后適墑鎮(zhèn)壓,土壤過濕的地塊應(yīng)推遲鎮(zhèn)壓時(shí)間。開展翻、旋、耙、壓一體化作業(yè),全面提高整地質(zhì)量,實(shí)現(xiàn)土壤深、細(xì)、平、實(shí),達(dá)到上虛下實(shí)待播狀態(tài)。
 
  (二)適時(shí)晚播,精準(zhǔn)確定播量。參照冬前積溫和品種特性,科學(xué)確定適宜播期。黃淮海地區(qū)主要種植冬性和半冬性品種,適播期分別為日平均氣溫16—18℃和14—16℃,對照主莖葉齡6葉和6葉1心的越冬期壯苗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、主莖葉齡不低于3片葉的晚播小麥安全越冬的基本要求,正常天氣情況下北方冬麥區(qū)適宜晚播期為10月5—12日、不遲于10月15日,黃淮海北片為10月7—15日、不遲于10月20日,黃淮海南片地區(qū)為10月15—25日、不遲于10月30日。精準(zhǔn)確定播量,一般北部冬麥區(qū)畝基本苗25萬—30萬、黃淮冬麥區(qū)北部和中部20萬—25萬、黃淮南片15萬—18萬。播種時(shí)日平均氣溫低于15℃后,每推遲一天播種,基本苗增加1萬,但最多黃淮冬麥區(qū)基本苗不宜超過35萬、北部冬麥區(qū)不宜超過40萬。
 
  (三)優(yōu)選品種,提高播種質(zhì)量。綜合考慮區(qū)域生態(tài)特點(diǎn)、生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)、種植制度、產(chǎn)量水平和病蟲害等情況,提前規(guī)劃品種布局,因地制宜選擇抗寒、抗病、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好的優(yōu)良品種;重視種子處理,落實(shí)種子包衣、藥劑拌種技術(shù),最大限度減少“白籽”下地比例。根據(jù)土壤類型和整地質(zhì)量調(diào)整播種方式,配套高質(zhì)量播種機(jī)械,適墑適期適量適深播種,播種時(shí)耕層墑情宜為土壤相對含水量75%左右,播深宜3—5厘米,保持行距一致、深淺一致,不漏播、不重播。重視播后鎮(zhèn)壓,保證鎮(zhèn)壓力度和均勻度,做到土壤沉實(shí)、種土密接,減少土壤透風(fēng)跑墑。有條件的配套水肥一體化微噴灌或滴灌系統(tǒng),精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控促進(jìn)苗齊苗壯。
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