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冬小麥封閉除草飛防作業(yè)指南

2021-10-26 08:41:54 來源：極飛學(xué)園 閱讀量：16332 評論

導(dǎo)讀：近年來，麥田雜草抗性逐年增強，苗后莖葉除草難度增大，越來越多農(nóng)戶開始選擇進行封閉除草，本文將帶你了解如何正確使用無人機進行冬小麥封閉除草作業(yè)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】目前，全國正處于大面積秋收階段，據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)情調(diào)度，全國冬小麥播種已完成超過 10%。小麥的雜草防治是管理過程中的重要一環(huán)，近年來，麥田雜草抗性逐年增強，苗后莖葉除草難度增大，越來越多農(nóng)戶開始選擇進行封閉除草，本文將帶你了解如何正確使用無人機進行冬小麥封閉除草作業(yè)。
 
　　一. 為什么冬小麥需要封閉除草？
 
　　理解冬小麥需要封閉除草的原因，應(yīng)該先理解什么是“封閉除草”。封閉除草，準確說是“封閉防草”，是在土地表面均勻覆蓋一層除草劑“藥膜”，當(dāng)雜草種子從土中出芽時，接觸到藥膜，就會被“殺死”，無法長大。但我們并不知道哪里會長草、是什么品種的草，因此，在噴灑藥劑制造藥膜時，應(yīng)當(dāng)首先保證噴灑藥劑在土地表面的“成膜性”。
 
　　封閉除草的必要性
 
　　雜草抗性逐年增強。由于多年使用除草劑，且濫用頻發(fā)，造成雜草的耐藥性增強和抗藥性的出現(xiàn)。
 
　　高風(fēng)險藥劑增多，莖葉除草風(fēng)險加大。由于除草難度增大，加大用藥量、使用兩種以上的藥劑復(fù)配以及使用一些超范圍的藥劑等行為，會導(dǎo)致除草藥害及其他風(fēng)險顯著提升。
 
　　播種期推遲，造成后期除草窗口期減少。冬小麥的越冬特性迫使我們播種期推遲和年后的返青生長速度加快，這也使年后莖葉除草窗口期縮短。
 
　　莖葉除草的效果在逐年降低。雜草對除草劑的耐藥性、草齡的大小不一以及雜草品種的變化，帶來除草難度的增加。
 
　　封閉除草的好處
 
　　封閉除草降低雜草基數(shù)。如果封閉效果好，可以解決苗后 70 - 95% 的雜草數(shù)量。
 
　　降低草齡。如果封閉除草做得好，早期生出來的雜草會最大限度地被控制，后期在藥劑失去藥效后生出來的雜草草齡就會很小，草小好除，也有利于后期的莖葉處理。
 
　　降低了除草成本。稻茬小麥雜草抗性大的地區(qū)除草成本超過百元的屢見不鮮，甚至有些地方因為雜草難除放棄了冬小麥的種植。
 
　　減少藥劑與麥苗接觸，降低對麥苗傷害。封閉除草劑接觸的是土壤，形成藥膜層，藥劑不直接與小麥種子接觸，最大限度地減少了藥害。
 
　　對抗性雜草有特效，解決雜草難除的問題。通過多年實驗，抗性雜草對封閉除草劑大多沒有抗藥性，如果封閉做得好，后期將大大簡化除草工作。

　　二. 如何用無人機進行冬小麥封閉除草？
  
　　時間選擇
 
　　封閉除草劑什么時候打最好？通常來說，封閉式除草劑想要發(fā)揮作用就要滲入到雜草的發(fā)芽圈土壤中，在雜草發(fā)芽后對其進行滅殺。而最佳的打藥時間是在雨后或露水較大的早晨，可以選擇溫度在最佳吸收范圍(10 - 24℃)之內(nèi)的早晨或傍晚，另外，也可以選擇在春季小雨前播種，在小雨過后噴灑封閉除草劑，土壤不那么干燥，更容易使噴灑在其表面的藥滴均勻分布，但雨水不能太大，否則會使藥液隨水溜走，或被明水稀釋，隨水沉降到土中。
 
　　封閉除草劑施用要早。封閉處理要盡可能在雜草出土前，這樣能夠保證良好的除草效果，避免因為雜草出土后敏感性降低，而失去藥劑所應(yīng)有的活性。
 
　　藥劑使用
 
　　選擇合適的藥劑。根據(jù)作物的類別、生長習(xí)性、地區(qū)特點、雜草發(fā)生特點選擇合適的除草劑，如使用不合適的藥劑可能容易產(chǎn)生藥害。
 
　　用藥要適當(dāng)。不同地區(qū)土質(zhì)不同，除草劑的用量不同。例如在覆地膜的作物田由于除草劑在地膜中揮發(fā)后仍然會留在土壤表面。所以在覆地膜的地塊應(yīng)適當(dāng)減少用藥量，而在一季多茬的作物田，應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加藥量，否則容易被麥茬、灰塵等吸附。
 
　　噴施技術(shù)
 
　　運用無人機進行冬小麥封閉除草飛防作業(yè)，在選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)淖鳂I(yè)時間，正確使用除草劑的基礎(chǔ)上，更重要的是除草劑的安全噴施。
 
　　噴施技術(shù)要好。風(fēng)會加重空氣干旱、土壤干旱，使藥液無法更好附著在土面，更為嚴重的是風(fēng)可使藥液漂移，破壞封閉土層，形成風(fēng)蝕，造成除草效果不穩(wěn)定。因此，在小麥除草作業(yè)時，必須遠離對小麥除草劑有不良反應(yīng)的作物，且在測量定位時需觀察周邊其他作物的種類、與作業(yè)點的距離，及作業(yè)時的風(fēng)向和風(fēng)力：
 
　　無風(fēng)作業(yè)時，必須遠離其他作物 20 米以上；如果風(fēng)力3級左右，需保持 50 米以上距離；如果無人機在上風(fēng)，應(yīng)選擇待無風(fēng)后再作業(yè)。另外，噴藥要避免重噴或漏噴，噴液量充足，才能有效的保證封閉效果。有些除草劑在施用后要避免光解，所以要及時覆土，及注意是否需要灌水。
 
　　無人機封閉除草應(yīng)注重噴灑的準確性。封閉除草就像一個裝米的袋子，如果有縫隙，不管縫隙多大，米就會散出來。無人機封閉除草，對環(huán)境要求確實更加嚴格，因為下壓風(fēng)力，干燥的土壤會被吹散，也就無法“成膜”了，所以一定要在土地潮濕時進行作業(yè)。作業(yè)時，適當(dāng)增加噴灑量，放慢速度，盡量讓藥劑在土壤表面均勻成膜，減少飄移、保證沉降。
 
　　冬小麥封閉除草有利于簡化苗后除草工作，降低小麥除草經(jīng)濟成本，應(yīng)用前景可觀。但在運用噴灑無人機進行封閉除草作業(yè)時，一定要認真負責(zé)，嚴格遵循飛防作業(yè)規(guī)范，同時，合理安排作業(yè)時間，正確使用除草藥劑，切勿急于求成。
 
　　附上冬小麥封閉除草飛防參數(shù)建議，具體飛防參數(shù)請根據(jù)所選無人機類型進行調(diào)整：
 
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　　資料來源：摘自公眾號【極飛學(xué)園】【農(nóng)民服務(wù)臺】
 

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