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《2024年“三秋”機(jī)械化減災(zāi)減損生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》

2024-09-12 08:54:46 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站 閱讀量:18800 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:針對水稻、玉米、大豆等主要糧油作物機(jī)收減損、倒伏收獲、過濕地塊作業(yè)、小麥高質(zhì)量播種等情況,提出本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供各地參考。

關(guān)于印發(fā)《2024年“三秋”機(jī)械化減災(zāi)減損生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》的通知
 
農(nóng)機(jī)化總站〔2024〕128號(hào)
 
  各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市農(nóng)機(jī)中心(農(nóng)機(jī)鑒定站、農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站),新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)推廣總站、北大荒農(nóng)墾集團(tuán)有限公司農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展部農(nóng)機(jī)處,各有關(guān)單位:
 
  當(dāng)前,全國秋糧即將進(jìn)入大規(guī)模收獲和秋冬種大忙時(shí)期。為貫徹落實(shí)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部黨組部署要求,我站聯(lián)合農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組制定了《2024年“三秋”機(jī)械化減災(zāi)減損生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們,供工作參考。請結(jié)合實(shí)際,進(jìn)一步細(xì)化技術(shù)路線和機(jī)具配套,強(qiáng)化技術(shù)指導(dǎo),嚴(yán)格規(guī)范作業(yè),努力提高農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量,扎實(shí)推進(jìn)“三秋”機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)工作,全力為糧油作物大面積單產(chǎn)提升、確保全年糧食豐收到手提供有力機(jī)械化支撐保障。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
 
  2024年9月10日
 
  附件
 
2024年“三秋”機(jī)械化減災(zāi)減損生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組
 
  為切實(shí)做好“三秋”機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)工作,提高機(jī)械化減災(zāi)減損能力,有力支撐糧油等主要作物大面積單產(chǎn)提升,針對水稻、玉米、大豆等主要糧油作物機(jī)收減損、倒伏收獲、過濕地塊作業(yè)、小麥高質(zhì)量播種等情況,提出本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供各地參考。
 
  一、減災(zāi)減損收獲
 
  (一)確定適宜收獲期
 
  適期收獲可增加粒重、減少損失、提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。作業(yè)前,應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確判斷確定適宜收獲期,過早或過遲收獲會(huì)增加損失率和破碎率。適宜收獲期因品種、播期及生產(chǎn)目的不同而有所區(qū)別,應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況合理確定。如遇自然災(zāi)害等特殊情況,可適當(dāng)提前收獲。
 
  1、水稻適宜收獲期。多數(shù)稻穗變黃,粳稻95%以上籽粒轉(zhuǎn)黃,秈稻90%以上籽粒轉(zhuǎn)黃。
 
  2、玉米適宜收獲期。植株的中、下部葉片變黃,基部葉片干枯,果穗變黃,苞葉干枯呈黃白色而松散,籽粒脫水變硬乳線消失,微干縮凹陷,籽?;?胚下端)出現(xiàn)黑帽層,并呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤。
 
  3、大豆適宜收獲期。采用聯(lián)合收獲方式應(yīng)在完熟初期,葉片全部脫落,植株呈現(xiàn)原有品種色澤,籽粒含水量降為18%以下;采用分段收獲方式應(yīng)在黃熟期,葉片脫落70%~80%,籽粒開始變黃,少部分豆莢變成原色,個(gè)別仍呈現(xiàn)青綠色。
 
  (二)選擇適用機(jī)具
 
  1、水稻??蛇x用全喂入履帶式谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī),應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用高性能、大喂入量機(jī)型,以提高收獲作業(yè)效率和質(zhì)量;收獲難脫粒品種(脫粒強(qiáng)度大于180g)或倒伏水稻時(shí),應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用半喂入履帶式谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)。
 
  2、玉米。如籽粒含水率在25%以下,可選用玉米籽粒收獲機(jī)一次性完成摘穗和脫粒作業(yè),宜選用縱軸流機(jī)型;如不具備籽粒收獲條件,可選用摘穗型玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行果穗收獲。
 
  3、大豆。優(yōu)先選用配置撓性割臺(tái)的大豆聯(lián)合收獲機(jī);如無大豆聯(lián)合收獲機(jī),可兼用谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī),通過調(diào)整改造并配置大豆專用撓性割臺(tái)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。
 
  (三)調(diào)整良好作業(yè)狀態(tài)
 
  作業(yè)前,依據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說明書對機(jī)具進(jìn)行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng),確保機(jī)具技術(shù)狀態(tài)良好;應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊條件(大小、坡度等)、作物條件(品種特性、成熟程度、產(chǎn)量水平、籽粒含水率、秸稈水分含量等)、環(huán)境天氣、農(nóng)藝要求(留茬高度、秸稈粉碎程度等)等對收獲機(jī)作業(yè)參數(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,并進(jìn)行試收,試收作業(yè)距離一般為30—50m。試收后,應(yīng)停車檢查作業(yè)質(zhì)量,需要時(shí)進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)整,直至作業(yè)質(zhì)量達(dá)到要求后,再投入正常作業(yè)。
 
  (四)減損收獲作業(yè)
 
  1、選擇適宜的作業(yè)路線
 
  玉米收獲時(shí),機(jī)具行進(jìn)方向應(yīng)與種植行平行,盡量避免與種植行垂直方向收獲;水稻、大豆收獲作業(yè)一般采用向心回轉(zhuǎn)法。作業(yè)前,應(yīng)提前查看地塊,對地塊中的溝渠、田埂、通道等予以平整,并將水井、墳頭、電桿拉線、樹樁等不明顯障礙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,據(jù)此合理規(guī)劃路線,科學(xué)避讓。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊形狀,依次進(jìn)行作業(yè);如有必要,可提前開出收割道。
 
  2、合理控制作業(yè)速度
 
  應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)型特點(diǎn)、作物產(chǎn)量、種植密度、植株高度、干濕程度、留茬高度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度;當(dāng)作物密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、地塊起伏不平、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時(shí),應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度;作業(yè)時(shí),一般先低速收獲,然后逐步提高至正常作業(yè)速度;嚴(yán)禁使用行走檔位進(jìn)行收獲作業(yè);低速行駛作業(yè)時(shí),不能降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速。
 
  3、科學(xué)規(guī)范駕駛操作
 
  作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)通過調(diào)整作業(yè)速度和幅寬實(shí)時(shí)控制喂入量,使機(jī)具在額定負(fù)荷下工作,降低夾帶損失,避免發(fā)生堵塞故障;應(yīng)注意幅寬銜接,避免相鄰兩個(gè)作業(yè)帶之間出現(xiàn)漏收損失。地頭轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),應(yīng)停止作業(yè),采用倒車法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎,靠行對齊、直線行駛后再開始作業(yè)。應(yīng)注意地頭、邊角和障礙物附近作物收獲情況,做到應(yīng)收盡收,減少損失。
 
  4、實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測作業(yè)質(zhì)量
 
  可裝配收獲作業(yè)監(jiān)測終端,作業(yè)時(shí)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測損失率、含雜率、破碎率等參數(shù),并根據(jù)相關(guān)參數(shù)和終端提示,及時(shí)調(diào)整作業(yè)速度、喂入量、留茬高度、滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速、凹板間隙、清選風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速等參數(shù),控制損失率、含雜率、破碎率等,進(jìn)一步提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量。
 
  (五)特殊作業(yè)場景
 
  1、旱地過濕機(jī)械化作業(yè)
 
  對于長時(shí)間浸水且呈泥濘狀態(tài)(土壤含水量飽和)的旱作農(nóng)田(非水田),輪式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械作業(yè)時(shí)易發(fā)生陷機(jī)和破壞耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu),優(yōu)先選用履帶式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。如不具備條件,亦可將輪式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械改造為半履帶式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械(將驅(qū)動(dòng)輪更換為三角履帶),或加裝一對驅(qū)動(dòng)輪胎,增加接地面積。采用履帶式拖拉機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊情況對履帶張緊程度進(jìn)行調(diào)整,泥濘地塊適當(dāng)調(diào)緊一些,干燥地塊適當(dāng)調(diào)松,以提高機(jī)具通過能力、減少履帶磨損。搶收過濕地塊玉米時(shí),可通過調(diào)整改造履帶式谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行作業(yè),注意調(diào)整滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速、凹板間隙、清選風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速等工作參數(shù),并更換玉米專用割臺(tái)或在割臺(tái)加裝接穗板。
 
  作業(yè)前,仔細(xì)觀察地塊泥濘程度,針對性地采取應(yīng)對措施。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)降低作業(yè)速度,避免急進(jìn)、急退,做到勻速作業(yè);轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭應(yīng)緩慢,避免在同一位置多次轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭;如遇機(jī)具打滑、下陷、傾斜等情況,應(yīng)及時(shí)停車處理;應(yīng)及時(shí)卸糧,盡量減輕整機(jī)重量。收獲作業(yè)同步開展秸稈還田作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)注意觀察秸稈還田作業(yè)質(zhì)量,如不滿足生產(chǎn)需求可適時(shí)開展二次秸稈還田作業(yè)。
 
  2、收獲潮濕水稻
 
  在較為泥濘的濕田中收獲潮濕水稻時(shí),容易造成割臺(tái)、凹板篩和振動(dòng)篩的堵塞,應(yīng)低速、少量依次收獲,并及時(shí)清除割刀和喂入筒入口的秸稈屑及泥土。
 
  3、收獲倒伏水稻
 
  收獲倒伏水稻時(shí),半喂入谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)作業(yè)效果一般優(yōu)于全喂入谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī);如嚴(yán)重倒伏且倒伏方向一致,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用半喂入機(jī)型;如倒伏不嚴(yán)重且倒伏方向交錯(cuò),可選用全喂入機(jī)型。
 
  倒伏角小于45度時(shí),對收獲作業(yè)影響有限,一般不進(jìn)行特殊處理;倒伏角大于45度小于60度時(shí),如選用半喂入機(jī)型,應(yīng)采用順向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式;如選用全喂入機(jī)型,應(yīng)采用逆向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式;倒伏角大于60度,應(yīng)采用順向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式,選用全喂入機(jī)型還應(yīng)加裝“扶倒器”同時(shí)更換“防倒伏彈齒”,并調(diào)整撥禾輪與割刀的相對位置,調(diào)整彈齒角度后傾,將割臺(tái)降至適宜高度。
 
  作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)降低作業(yè)速度,減少作業(yè)幅寬;應(yīng)將檔位保持低速檔,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用額定轉(zhuǎn)速;應(yīng)根據(jù)作物情況實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整撥禾輪高度和轉(zhuǎn)速;應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查作業(yè)質(zhì)量,觀察凹板篩和清選篩,根據(jù)收獲效果及時(shí)調(diào)整機(jī)具參數(shù);應(yīng)及時(shí)清除割刀和喂入筒入口處堆積的泥土和秸稈,防止堵塞。
 
  4、收獲倒伏玉米
 
  收獲倒伏玉米時(shí),優(yōu)先選用割臺(tái)寬度長、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機(jī);也可在普通玉米收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)上加長分禾尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置,增加扶禾作業(yè)行程,并適當(dāng)減小割臺(tái)傾角。收獲嚴(yán)重倒伏(倒伏角大于60度)玉米時(shí),在上述割臺(tái)調(diào)整改造基礎(chǔ)上,將鐵膠混合剝皮輥更換為全膠剝皮輥,防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果;將排雜輥改為浮動(dòng)狀態(tài),加裝強(qiáng)力風(fēng)機(jī);必要時(shí),在割臺(tái)上加裝輔助撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器,實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米植株有效喂入;玉米籽粒聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)還應(yīng)調(diào)整脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙,避免過度揉搓,造成籽粒破碎率過高。倒伏角小于45度時(shí),對收獲作業(yè)影響有限,一般不進(jìn)行特殊處理。倒伏角大于45度時(shí),應(yīng)在對行收獲原則下,采用逆向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式。
 
  作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)減少機(jī)具負(fù)荷,通過降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè),使喂入速度與各系統(tǒng)作業(yè)能力相協(xié)調(diào),防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高、果穗粘連泥土和倒伏玉米植株不規(guī)則喂入等原因造成的堵塞;應(yīng)根據(jù)倒伏情況,實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整收獲機(jī)分禾器尖與地面的距離,盡量扶起倒伏玉米;應(yīng)及時(shí)清理割臺(tái),防止秸稈和泥土在割臺(tái)堆積。為方便機(jī)收作業(yè)后人工撿拾,應(yīng)斷開秸稈還田裝置動(dòng)力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至最高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎;如需秸稈粉碎還田,可在收獲作業(yè)完成后再進(jìn)行。
 
  5、收獲倒伏大豆
 
  收獲倒伏大豆時(shí),應(yīng)選用配置撓性割臺(tái)的大豆聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)。作業(yè)時(shí),割臺(tái)應(yīng)貼地作業(yè),減少漏收損失。收獲嚴(yán)重倒伏大豆時(shí),應(yīng)加裝“扶倒器”并更換“防倒伏彈齒”。
 
  作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)盡量降低割臺(tái)高度,保證較低位置的大豆能夠進(jìn)入割臺(tái)。倒伏角小于45度時(shí),對收獲作業(yè)影響有限,一般不進(jìn)行特殊處理;倒伏角大于45度小于60度時(shí),應(yīng)采用逆向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式;倒伏角大于60度時(shí),應(yīng)采用順向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式。其他作業(yè)注意事項(xiàng)可參照倒伏水稻收獲。
 
  (六)收獲作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求
 
  采用全喂入聯(lián)合收割機(jī)進(jìn)行水稻收獲作業(yè)時(shí),作業(yè)質(zhì)量宜達(dá)到以下要求:損失率≤2.8%,破碎率≤1.5%,含雜率≤2.0%。采用半喂入聯(lián)合收割機(jī)進(jìn)行水稻收獲作業(yè)時(shí),作業(yè)質(zhì)量宜達(dá)到以下要求:損失率≤2.5%,破碎率≤0.5%,含雜率≤1.0%。
 
  采用玉米果穗收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè)時(shí),作業(yè)質(zhì)量宜達(dá)到以下要求:損失率≤3.5%,籽粒破碎率≤0.8%,果穗含雜率≤1%。采用玉米籽粒收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè)時(shí),作業(yè)質(zhì)量宜達(dá)到以下要求:損失率≤4%,籽粒破碎率≤5%,籽粒含雜率≤2.5%。
 
  按照農(nóng)業(yè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NY/T738-2020《大豆聯(lián)合收割機(jī) 作業(yè)質(zhì)量》要求,采用大豆聯(lián)合收割機(jī)進(jìn)行大豆收獲作業(yè)時(shí),作業(yè)質(zhì)量應(yīng)達(dá)到以下要求:損失率≤5%,破碎率≤5%,含雜率≤3%。
 
  (七)及時(shí)烘干
 
  收獲后的水稻稻谷、玉米籽粒含水率如未達(dá)到儲(chǔ)藏要求,應(yīng)及時(shí)烘干。烘干作業(yè)應(yīng)遵循就近原則,提前聯(lián)系烘干地點(diǎn),統(tǒng)籌安排,合理拉運(yùn),隨收隨烘,避免濕糧長時(shí)間堆放。
 
  水稻宜采用低溫烘干,可選用循環(huán)式或連續(xù)式烘干機(jī)。玉米籽??蛇m當(dāng)提高烘干溫度,宜選用連續(xù)式烘干機(jī);收獲的玉米果穗,應(yīng)先離地儲(chǔ)存,通風(fēng)降水,待籽粒含水率降至25%以下或進(jìn)入冬季果穗結(jié)凍后,再脫粒并烘干。
 
  烘干前,應(yīng)進(jìn)行初清,含雜率應(yīng)≤2%且不得有長莖稈、麻袋繩、塑料薄膜等雜物;應(yīng)測定谷物初始含水率,同一批烘干的谷物水分不均度應(yīng)≤3%。烘干時(shí),玉米籽粒(不包括制種玉米籽粒)溫度一般不超過50℃,最高不超過55℃,應(yīng)控制一次降水幅度不大于18%或平均干燥速率不大于2.5%/h,防止玉米裂紋率增大;水稻籽粒溫度一般不超過40℃,最高不超過43℃,應(yīng)控制干燥速率不大于1.5%/h,防止爆腰率增大。烘干后,谷物色澤氣味應(yīng)無明顯變化,無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。
 
  二、小麥高質(zhì)量播種
 
  (一)選擇適宜的播種機(jī)
 
  小麥播種一般采用條播方式,可選擇常規(guī)條播機(jī)、旋耕復(fù)式條播機(jī)、驅(qū)動(dòng)耙復(fù)式條播機(jī)等機(jī)具。宜選用復(fù)式多功能作業(yè)機(jī)械,一次性完成耕整地、播種等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),減少進(jìn)地次數(shù),提高作業(yè)效率。宜選用具備播前播后二次鎮(zhèn)壓功能的播種機(jī),建立良好的種床并保證小麥種子與土壤緊密結(jié)合,提高出苗率和整齊度,促進(jìn)小麥均勻健壯生長,合理利用光熱資源和水肥資源,增加對病蟲害和自然災(zāi)害的抵抗能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)單產(chǎn)水平提升。
 
  (二)選擇適宜品種
 
  旱地小麥應(yīng)選擇抗旱節(jié)水、抗干熱風(fēng)高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)品種;稻茬小麥選擇抗凍耐漬、抗穂發(fā)芽、抗赤霉病高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)品種。因地制宜選擇強(qiáng)筋、中筋、弱筋高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)專用品種。
 
  小麥種子質(zhì)量應(yīng)達(dá)到國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。播種前應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)夭∠x害發(fā)生情況選擇高效安全的殺菌劑、殺蟲劑,用包衣機(jī)、拌種機(jī)進(jìn)行種子機(jī)械包衣或拌種,以確保種子處理和播種質(zhì)量。
 
  (三)建立良好種床
 
  應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤情況,因地制宜選擇適用的耕整地技術(shù),一般2—3年深翻或深松一次。深翻作業(yè)時(shí),土壤含水率應(yīng)≤35%,耕深≥22cm;深松作業(yè)時(shí),土壤含水率15%—25%,深松深度30—40cm。應(yīng)及時(shí)開展整地作業(yè),可選擇旋耕機(jī)或驅(qū)動(dòng)耙等。地表不平、秸稈雜草過多或深翻深松后或等影響播種質(zhì)量的地塊應(yīng)進(jìn)行旋耕作業(yè),一般旋耕深度12—15cm,耕深一致,耕整后耙耱壓實(shí),達(dá)到地表平整,土壤細(xì)碎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為提高秸稈還田質(zhì)量,玉米收獲后可采用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)將玉米秸稈粉碎1—2遍,切碎長度小于10cm。選用驅(qū)動(dòng)耙復(fù)式播種機(jī)時(shí),可在深翻作業(yè)后直接開展播種作業(yè)。
 
  (四)科學(xué)布置水肥一體化滴灌系統(tǒng)
 
  從各地應(yīng)用案例來看,采用水肥一體化技術(shù)可顯著提升小麥產(chǎn)量??蓞⒖加衩酌苤簿珳?zhǔn)調(diào)控高產(chǎn)技術(shù),根據(jù)水源雜質(zhì)配置過濾系統(tǒng),河、湖、塘、堰等地表水源推薦使用砂石+網(wǎng)式(或疊片)過濾組合;井水水源可使用離心+網(wǎng)式(疊片)過濾組合。施肥設(shè)備根據(jù)灌溉系統(tǒng)規(guī)模大小等選擇,推薦使用壓差式施肥罐,管理水平較高地區(qū)可選擇水肥一體機(jī),設(shè)備安裝及使用過程中注意防止肥液倒流。加強(qiáng)田間管網(wǎng)設(shè)計(jì),一般以PE或編織軟帶作為田間干支管網(wǎng),配套專用管件。滴灌帶連接支管,可選用預(yù)制孔軟帶;投資較高的灌溉系統(tǒng)可選擇PE、PVC等硬質(zhì)管道,地埋鋪設(shè),提高使用年限。合理選擇滴灌帶,鋪設(shè)方式為地表或淺埋鋪設(shè),采用播種鋪管一體化機(jī)械進(jìn)行鋪設(shè)。
 
  (五)播種機(jī)調(diào)整調(diào)試
 
  1、檢查與保養(yǎng)
 
  作業(yè)季節(jié)開始前,應(yīng)根據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說明書對播種機(jī)進(jìn)行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng),確保機(jī)具作業(yè)性能正常。播種機(jī)在工作前應(yīng)及時(shí)向各注油點(diǎn)注油,保證運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)零件充分潤滑。丟失或損壞的零件要及時(shí)補(bǔ)充、更換和修復(fù)。注意不可向齒輪、鏈輪和鏈條上涂油,以免粘滿泥土,增加磨損。各排種輪工作長度相等,排量一致。播量調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)靈活,不得有滑動(dòng)和空移現(xiàn)象。圓盤開溝器圓盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活,不得晃動(dòng),不得與開溝器體相摩擦。
 
  2、作業(yè)參數(shù)調(diào)整
 
  (1)行距的調(diào)整。應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的農(nóng)藝要求,調(diào)整播種機(jī)的行距,開溝器應(yīng)對稱于機(jī)組中心線配置。前后開溝器應(yīng)互相錯(cuò)開,避免擁堵。調(diào)整后,應(yīng)檢查實(shí)際行距,并進(jìn)行校正。
 
  (2)播種深度調(diào)整。根據(jù)不同機(jī)型特點(diǎn),可通過調(diào)整限深輪支臂安裝位置來調(diào)整播深,或調(diào)整開溝深淺調(diào)節(jié)裝置調(diào)整播深。播深調(diào)整后,應(yīng)實(shí)測各行播種深度,保證各行均勻一致。
 
  (3)播種量的調(diào)整。根據(jù)不同的種子種類將種量調(diào)整桿或手柄調(diào)到相應(yīng)刻度位置并鎖緊,根據(jù)不同的種子種類選擇合適的排種槽輪工作方式。調(diào)節(jié)變速箱,根據(jù)不同的種子種類及下種量選擇變速箱刻度。播量調(diào)整后,應(yīng)實(shí)測并進(jìn)行校正,保證實(shí)際下種量符合設(shè)定數(shù)值且各行均勻一致。
 
  3、試播
 
  大面積播種前,應(yīng)選擇有代表性的地塊進(jìn)行試播。試播作業(yè)一般30m左右,應(yīng)根據(jù)田塊、機(jī)具等條件選擇適宜的播種速度,檢查行距、播種深度、施肥量、施肥深度是否滿足當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)藝要求,有無秸稈擁堵、播種管和下肥管堵塞等異常情況,并以此為依據(jù)進(jìn)一步調(diào)整。調(diào)整后應(yīng)再次進(jìn)行試播和調(diào)整,直至達(dá)到作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和農(nóng)戶要求。作物品種、田塊條件有變化應(yīng)重新試播和調(diào)整機(jī)具。試播過程中,應(yīng)注意觀察、傾聽機(jī)器工作狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)排除。
 
  (六)播種作業(yè)
 
  1、科學(xué)規(guī)劃路線
 
  小麥播種作業(yè)可采取梭形播法、套播法、向心播法和離心播法。作業(yè)前,應(yīng)提前查看地塊,將水井、墳頭、電桿拉線、樹樁等不明顯障礙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,據(jù)此合理規(guī)劃路線,科學(xué)避讓。
 
  2、規(guī)范駕駛操作
 
  起步時(shí),通過機(jī)具液壓控制系統(tǒng)緩慢降落播種機(jī),并逐步提高作業(yè)速度。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)盡量保持勻速直線行駛,避免急加速或急減速。作業(yè)過程中嚴(yán)禁倒車;轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)應(yīng)停止播種作業(yè)。懸掛式播種機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)彎和完成播種作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)升起播種機(jī)。播種作業(yè)過程中,應(yīng)及時(shí)關(guān)注各行單體作業(yè)狀態(tài),如發(fā)生擁堵情況,及時(shí)停車并排除后再進(jìn)行播種作業(yè)。
 
  3、保持直線作業(yè)
 
  采用北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)的播種機(jī),作業(yè)前,應(yīng)查看車載顯控終端,確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)處于差分定位狀態(tài);如未處于差分定位狀態(tài),可檢查差分信號(hào)來源,選擇合適的網(wǎng)絡(luò)基站或電臺(tái)基站。應(yīng)設(shè)置導(dǎo)航線,機(jī)組行駛至地頭,車頭朝向作業(yè)的方向,設(shè)置A點(diǎn);手動(dòng)駕駛機(jī)組行駛至地尾,設(shè)置B點(diǎn),完成AB直線的設(shè)置;如重復(fù)或繼續(xù)同一地塊作業(yè),可以直接導(dǎo)入AB線。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)查看車載顯控終端提示信息,如誤差較大或故障提示,應(yīng)及時(shí)解除輔助駕駛功能,按照使用說明進(jìn)行調(diào)試,作業(yè)精度符合要求后,再進(jìn)行大面積作業(yè)。
 
  如條件不具備,未安裝北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),應(yīng)及時(shí)放下播種機(jī)劃行器,確保行距一致性。
 
  4、及時(shí)維護(hù)保養(yǎng)
 
  播種作業(yè)結(jié)束后,應(yīng)將種箱、肥箱及時(shí)清理干凈。應(yīng)檢查秸稈處理裝置、排種(肥)開溝器等易損部件磨損程度,磨損較大時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)更換,避免后續(xù)作業(yè)質(zhì)量降低。
 
  5、適度鎮(zhèn)壓
 
  播種時(shí)或播種后,應(yīng)適度鎮(zhèn)壓土壤,促進(jìn)小麥根系生長,減輕冷害影響。特別是播前未澆水、播后澆蒙頭水的地塊,可通過播后鎮(zhèn)壓方式破解地表的板結(jié)層,為出苗創(chuàng)造良好條件。
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