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【實用技術】迎秋收 馬鈴薯機械化收獲注意事項

2024-08-30 09:01:21 來源：烏蘭察布市農(nóng)牧局 閱讀量：17979 評論

導讀：馬鈴薯一般在 9 月初開始收獲，也就是當馬鈴薯莖葉大部分枯黃，并容易與植株莖分離時，選擇土壤不潮濕，天氣晴朗的日子開始收獲。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 馬鈴薯收獲機械就是由輪式拖拉機配套，一次進地可完成挖掘、分離升運和放鋪作業(yè)，由于機械收獲馬鈴薯工作效率高，可大幅度的縮短收獲期，防止早期霜凍的危害，減少收獲損失，還可以減輕勞動強度。馬鈴薯一般在 9 月初開始收獲，也就是當馬鈴薯莖葉大部分枯黃，并容易與植株莖分離時，選擇土壤不潮濕，天氣晴朗的日子開始收獲。
 
　　一、駕駛與調節(jié)
 
　　1.正式作業(yè)前，應調整好限深輪的位置，保證挖掘鏟與限深輪在合理的相對位置上，通常要求挖掘深度在 20cm 左右為宜。調整好割秧刀與地面的距離，距離不能過大或過小，距離過大，薯秧如果不能全部打碎，留著的薯秧就會進入到振動篩上，影響薯塊的分離；距離過小，結在土壤上部的馬鈴薯就容易碰傷。調整的方法是調整地輪的高度，地輪的高度降低，割秧刀離地面的距離就小；地輪的高度升高，割秧刀離地面的距離就大。同時檢查各部位機械結構是否可靠固定并合理潤滑，確認無誤可啟動拖拉機，并將挖掘鏟尖升起離開耕地表面，空轉幾分鐘檢查收獲機有無異響，確認無誤 方可進地作業(yè)。作業(yè)時，速度不能過快，要以中等速度勻速行進，拖拉機要順壟溝直線行走，不能壓壞壟臺，以免損傷馬鈴薯和給挖 掘造成影響。應緩慢放開離合器踏板，保證起步的平穩(wěn)性，并同時控制挖掘鏟逐漸下降達到工作深度，然后加大油門至正常行進速度。
 
　　挖掘馬鈴薯時，應使限深輪位于馬鈴薯秧的外側，保證挖掘的可靠性，并避免馬鈴薯損失。
 
　　2.挖掘機的作業(yè)質量是機械收獲的關鍵，應隨時檢查調整。根據(jù)作業(yè)情況隨時調整挖掘深度，挖掘鏟入土過淺，容易損傷薯塊，也起不干凈；挖掘鏟入土過深，不但增加拖拉機的工作負荷，也使馬鈴薯與泥土難以分離清楚，馬鈴薯容易埋在土里丟失。調整左右兩側托輪的高度，可以改變挖掘深度；改變挖掘鏟兩端固定螺釘?shù)奈恢茫梢愿淖兺诰蜱P的入土角度，使之獲得更好的收獲效果。隨時查看耕地中馬鈴薯的收凈率，檢查是否存在馬鈴薯破碎或表皮損傷嚴重的問題。若發(fā)現(xiàn)馬鈴薯損失較為嚴重，應停車檢查機械結構 是否出現(xiàn)故障或調整不當，重點查看挖掘深度是否適宜，若機械結構無故障，則應適當降低行進和收獲速度。
 
　　3.駕駛員應當密切關注馬鈴薯收獲機的工作狀態(tài)，發(fā)現(xiàn)存在異常的振動、噪音應及時的停車檢查，避免較大的石塊、雜草纏繞對收獲機造成的損壞。同時還應注意駕駛的安全性，嚴禁收獲作業(yè)過程中違規(guī)載人，保證運轉的機械遠離無關人員，避免生產(chǎn)安全事故的發(fā)生。
 
　　二、維修和保養(yǎng)
 
　　1.在每次作業(yè)完成后，應認真清潔收獲機表面和關鍵工作部件的泥土及雜物，檢查關鍵位置緊固情況，查看傳動鏈條的磨損狀態(tài)，發(fā)現(xiàn)磨損嚴重的應及時予以更換。
 
　　2.收獲機使用一段時間后，應及時更換潤滑油并檢查傳動齒 輪的磨損情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)齒輪磨損嚴重的應及時進行調整、修復或更換。對于新購置的收獲機在使用一段時間后，還應注意對傳動箱的雜質進行清洗，以保證傳動系統(tǒng)長久可靠的工作。
 
　　3.由于馬鈴薯收獲機屬于季節(jié)性農(nóng)機，每年的應用時間較短，因此在作業(yè)完成后需長期閑置時，應將挖掘刀墊起，使其與地面脫離，并將裸露在外的金屬部件進行涂油防銹，然后對其進行妥善的遮蓋。
 
　　文章來源：農(nóng)牧業(yè)機械化服務中心

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