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農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備大規(guī)模更新路在何方——基于黑龍江、吉林、江蘇、安徽幾省的調(diào)研

2024-04-08 16:55:07 來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)流通協(xié)會 閱讀量:16864 評論

導(dǎo)讀:為了全面了解農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)大規(guī)模設(shè)備更新發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢,中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會組織調(diào)研活動,先后對黑龍江、吉林、江蘇、安徽等省份進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)研,形成調(diào)研報告。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 2024年2月23日召開的中央財經(jīng)委員會第四次會議,強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)行大規(guī)模設(shè)備更新和消費(fèi)品以舊換新。3月14日,國家發(fā)改委發(fā)布公告,我國將通過實(shí)施設(shè)備更新、消費(fèi)品以舊換新、回收循環(huán)利用、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升四大行動,推動大規(guī)模設(shè)備更新和消費(fèi)品以舊換新。政策還未落地,行業(yè)里就掀起了一股報廢更新的浪潮,無論是生產(chǎn)企業(yè),經(jīng)銷企業(yè)還是農(nóng)機(jī)用戶對此次大規(guī)模設(shè)備更新政策都充滿了期待。
 
  實(shí)際上,我們研究政策本身,從發(fā)改委發(fā)布的四項(xiàng)行動中,其中有兩項(xiàng)行動涉及農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。一是實(shí)施設(shè)備更新行動。推進(jìn)重點(diǎn)行業(yè)設(shè)備更新改造,加快建筑和市政基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施領(lǐng)域設(shè)備更新,支持交通運(yùn)輸設(shè)備和老舊農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械更新,提升教育文旅醫(yī)療設(shè)備水平。二是實(shí)施回收循環(huán)利用行動。完善廢舊產(chǎn)品設(shè)備回收網(wǎng)絡(luò),支持二手商品流通交易,有序推進(jìn)再制造和梯次利用,推動資源高水平再生利用。另外,實(shí)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升行動。加快完善能耗、排放、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),強(qiáng)化產(chǎn)品技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升,加強(qiáng)資源循環(huán)利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)供給,強(qiáng)化重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)銜接。整個政策研究下來,其中兩個關(guān)鍵字:“更新”、“循環(huán)”最為醒目。
 
  為了全面了解農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)大規(guī)模設(shè)備更新發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢,中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會組織調(diào)研活動,先后對黑龍江、吉林、江蘇、安徽等省份進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)研,形成如下調(diào)研報告。因調(diào)研范圍有限,時間倉促,觀點(diǎn)或有偏頗之處,但我們還是希望能對行業(yè)正在進(jìn)行的大規(guī)模農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備更新活動有所參考。
 
  一、大規(guī)模農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備更新基本概述
 
  調(diào)研中發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備自使用至報廢大致有兩條路線。一是農(nóng)機(jī)戶使用達(dá)到報廢年限后直接報廢,另一條路線則是在使用一年或幾年后,流入二手機(jī)市場(這類機(jī)械占比較大),由二手機(jī)客戶使用到年限后進(jìn)行報廢。
 
  經(jīng)調(diào)研,目前農(nóng)機(jī)購買絕大多數(shù)為投資性需求,購買農(nóng)機(jī)的主要目的是跨區(qū)作業(yè)賺取作業(yè)費(fèi)。由此決定了他們對農(nóng)機(jī)有兩個特殊的要求:一是品質(zhì)要求,在作業(yè)季,盡量不出現(xiàn)故障;二是農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)效率高。為了解決這個問題,他們不僅要購買高品質(zhì)的農(nóng)機(jī),而且還要實(shí)現(xiàn)快速更新。很多跨區(qū)作業(yè)用戶一般使用一年后就購買新機(jī)(收獲機(jī)械)。由此產(chǎn)生了大量二手農(nóng)機(jī),這就決定了我們研究大規(guī)模農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備更新必須重視二手農(nóng)機(jī)市場的研究,因?yàn)楹艽笠徊糠謭髲U更新機(jī)械來自二手農(nóng)機(jī)。調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),在整個農(nóng)機(jī)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的鏈條中,仍有很多問題與堵點(diǎn),制約著我國農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備的大規(guī)模更新。
 
  農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備使用——報廢流程圖
 
二、存在的問題
 
  (一)關(guān)于二手農(nóng)機(jī)
 
  1.二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易監(jiān)管缺位。據(jù)調(diào)研,目前農(nóng)機(jī)的二手交易基本以私下交易為主,少有正規(guī)的二手農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)銷企業(yè)。在一些省(區(qū)市),特別是一些農(nóng)機(jī)較發(fā)達(dá),農(nóng)機(jī)流通量較大的省,如華東地區(qū)的江蘇、山東等省份和東北地區(qū),也有些經(jīng)銷商曾經(jīng)從事過或正在從事二手農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù),但數(shù)量不多,由于無章可循,很不正規(guī)。
 
  2.缺乏二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易規(guī)范。二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易的自發(fā)性、隨意性、盲目性很強(qiáng)。大部分的二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易是一家一戶,例如二手農(nóng)機(jī)最大的交易中心-山東郯城徐卜坦村,家家戶戶做著二手農(nóng)機(jī)買賣,但規(guī)模都不大,收來的農(nóng)機(jī)放在自家院子,翻新一下或者簡單維修便以二手機(jī)賣出,主要目的是盈利,談不上服務(wù)和社會效益,因此,有利則干,無利不干,昨天還干,今天就不干了,自生自滅的現(xiàn)象普遍存在,出了問題無人負(fù)責(zé)。
 
  3.農(nóng)民權(quán)益無法得到保證
 
  二手農(nóng)機(jī)質(zhì)量及各方的權(quán)利義務(wù)沒有保證,很難保證二手農(nóng)機(jī)的使用效果,調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),二手農(nóng)機(jī)商在維修或者翻新的過程中,為了經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最大化,使用的配件往往是雜牌、劣質(zhì)的配件,一旦出現(xiàn)問題,就難以解決。此外,使用安全也得不到保證,二手農(nóng)機(jī)不受監(jiān)管,安全隱患突出。
 
  【案例一】在安徽霍邱,我們走訪的一家規(guī)模較大的二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易企業(yè),年銷售額超億元,不僅有較大的正規(guī)經(jīng)營場地,也像新機(jī)一樣提供一年的售后服務(wù),但在經(jīng)營過程中也遇到許多困惑。這家企業(yè)反映的最大問題就是二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易的手續(xù)問題,當(dāng)?shù)氐墓ど潭悇?wù)部門無法開具發(fā)票,因此他們賣出去的二手農(nóng)機(jī)無法更名辦理新牌照,在銷售出去的二手機(jī)使用過程中出現(xiàn)問題也難以監(jiān)管,造成巨大隱患。另外,目前農(nóng)機(jī)的報廢需要原始購買憑證信息,當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)機(jī)監(jiān)理部門核發(fā)的牌證,如果無法開具發(fā)票進(jìn)行過戶對后續(xù)機(jī)具的報廢也造成了極大的困難。
 
  【案例二】潁上縣王崗農(nóng)機(jī)市場形成于上世紀(jì)80年代末,90年代開始發(fā)展壯大。2021年全鎮(zhèn)注冊登記農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)營企業(yè)657戶,2020年全鎮(zhèn)二手農(nóng)機(jī)具銷售30000多臺套,年銷售額8億元左右。2022年年銷售接近15億元。
 
(二)關(guān)于報廢拆解
 
  1.報廢量小,支撐不夠。據(jù)我會對黑龍江、吉林、江蘇、安徽幾省的調(diào)研情況來看,江蘇省農(nóng)機(jī)報廢更新發(fā)展較好,2012-2022年,累計報廢老舊機(jī)具15807臺,其中拖拉機(jī)2101臺,聯(lián)合收割機(jī)12304臺。報廢補(bǔ)貼資金17342.96萬元。而其他幾省的情況差不多,由于報廢補(bǔ)貼資金來源于購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金,而近幾年的購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金缺口較大,因此報廢補(bǔ)貼資金遲遲兌付不了,這也是制約老舊農(nóng)機(jī)報廢的一大因素。此外,報廢流程待優(yōu)化,部分老舊農(nóng)機(jī)車架號、發(fā)動機(jī)號磨損,整機(jī)銘牌、發(fā)動機(jī)銘牌缺失,原始購買憑證丟失等造成不能納入報廢補(bǔ)貼影響了老舊農(nóng)機(jī)報廢進(jìn)度。
 
  2.非正規(guī)回收拆解。未經(jīng)備案批準(zhǔn)從事農(nóng)機(jī)回收的廢品收購站、農(nóng)機(jī)維修企業(yè)、二手農(nóng)機(jī)商販等。當(dāng)前,從事農(nóng)機(jī)回收的廢品收購站、農(nóng)機(jī)維修企業(yè)、二手農(nóng)機(jī)商販直接從農(nóng)戶手里回收?;咎攸c(diǎn)是利潤高,回收廢舊農(nóng)機(jī)出價高,農(nóng)民更愿意賣給他們。對回收的廢舊農(nóng)機(jī)零部件進(jìn)行拆解銷售后,其他作為廢鋼銷售,此外,通過改頭換面,維修、拼裝后作為二手農(nóng)機(jī)整機(jī)銷售。存在的基本問題有:第一,沒有專業(yè)的回收、拆解工具和規(guī)范化的拆解場地。第二,場地大多地面沒有防滲措施,基本沒有廢棄物的處置能力,廢棄物隨意丟棄、堆起。第三,噪聲嚴(yán)重、產(chǎn)生的廢棄物不能有效處置,廢油液、切割煙塵不能及時有效收集,造成土壤、地下水、空氣等嚴(yán)重環(huán)境污染。
 
  3.拆解企業(yè)積極性不高。主要有兩個原因,第一,多數(shù)拆解企業(yè)為汽車拆解企業(yè),由于農(nóng)機(jī)每年報廢量小,單獨(dú)做農(nóng)機(jī)的報廢拆解無法支撐一個拆解企業(yè)的運(yùn)營,而汽車的拆解企業(yè)主營業(yè)務(wù)是拆解汽車,當(dāng)前農(nóng)機(jī)報廢拆解總量小,未形成規(guī)模效益,故對農(nóng)機(jī)的關(guān)注度小,也無法與農(nóng)機(jī)再制造進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合。第二,由于農(nóng)機(jī)類型繁多,行走方式多樣,且大多遠(yuǎn)在鄉(xiāng)村,交通不便,非輪式農(nóng)機(jī)裝卸不方便,運(yùn)輸成本高。與回收汽車相比,解決廢舊農(nóng)機(jī)回收的問題比較棘手,程序繁瑣。企業(yè)盈利低(拆解賣廢鋼),對回收報廢農(nóng)機(jī)的積極性不高。
 
  4.農(nóng)機(jī)戶報廢老舊農(nóng)機(jī)的積極性不高。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)前農(nóng)機(jī)報廢推動緩慢主要是農(nóng)機(jī)戶積極性不高,主要有以下兩個原因:第一,部分農(nóng)民知道農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼以及報廢更新補(bǔ)貼的相關(guān)政策,但從實(shí)際情況來看,農(nóng)機(jī)使用的季節(jié)性原因,大部分時間閑置在家中,隨著歲月變遷,機(jī)器淘汰、銹蝕,使用價值喪失。但由于變賣價格和購買時價格差異較大,心理預(yù)期很難接受,寧愿荒廢家中。第二,從2020年開始,報廢農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策雖然出臺,但由于報廢補(bǔ)貼沒有和購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金分開,購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金缺口大,報廢補(bǔ)貼無法保障及時兌付。
 
  【案例】此次我們專門走訪了中國玉成(鳳陽)報廢汽車經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)園,是目前我國較大的專門報廢機(jī)動車、報廢農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械及相關(guān)再生資源行業(yè)資源整合和汽車零部件再制造產(chǎn)業(yè)投資公司,基本情況如下。
 
  該產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)規(guī)劃面積3.8平方公里,計劃總投資23.45億元,項(xiàng)目建設(shè)成后可實(shí)現(xiàn)年新增資源量77萬噸,總資源量109萬噸,產(chǎn)值80億元,稅收6億元。因此,項(xiàng)目又被喻為“城市礦產(chǎn)”。產(chǎn)業(yè)園采用“精細(xì)化拆解”模式,分為:發(fā)動機(jī)拆解車間、廢輪胎分揀車間、廢五金電器清潔拆解車間等10余個拆解車間,例如一個轎車發(fā)動機(jī)總成件被精細(xì)化拆解成26個零部件,如起動機(jī)、發(fā)電機(jī)、空調(diào)壓縮機(jī)、發(fā)動機(jī)壓盤、廢鋼等。拆解后的零部件被作為再生利用產(chǎn)品銷往下游企業(yè)。
 
  為配合農(nóng)機(jī)部門宣貫報廢農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策,2020年委托北京專業(yè)動漫公司制作了《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械報廢更新補(bǔ)貼實(shí)施方案》宣傳動畫片,深入鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)開展“掃村”活動,拜訪農(nóng)機(jī)合作社、農(nóng)機(jī)協(xié)會、農(nóng)機(jī)維修網(wǎng)點(diǎn)、村委、社區(qū),通過懸掛條幅、發(fā)放宣傳單頁等形式宣傳“報廢農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策”,積極開展上門服務(wù),全程協(xié)助、引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶辦理相關(guān)補(bǔ)貼申請手續(xù)。
 
(三)關(guān)于再制造
 
  1.主體不明確。目前農(nóng)機(jī)的再制造多數(shù)是二手機(jī)商舊機(jī)翻新,更換一些零配件,作為二手機(jī)進(jìn)行銷售。零配件的再制造基本很少,據(jù)調(diào)研,拆解企業(yè)拆解下來的零部件,不做任何的改造與翻新,直接當(dāng)作回用件銷售,如果經(jīng)過了翻新或者改造,用戶反而不接受。作為生產(chǎn)企業(yè),視產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和誠信為生命,對于再制造的產(chǎn)品,生產(chǎn)企業(yè)沒有動力去研發(fā)和制造。
 
  2.成本高,用戶接受度低。對大部分公眾來說,再制造還是新事物,很多人把再制造理解為維修或拼裝。而實(shí)際上再制造后的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不低于原先產(chǎn)品。同時,國際上對再制造產(chǎn)品也需要進(jìn)行標(biāo)識管理和質(zhì)量監(jiān)管,要求企業(yè)對再制造產(chǎn)品做出和新產(chǎn)品一樣的保質(zhì)期承諾。用戶的認(rèn)知如果不能改變,農(nóng)機(jī)再制造產(chǎn)業(yè)即使有再多的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益也難以發(fā)展。
 
  3.缺乏相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)先行,目前國內(nèi)農(nóng)機(jī)板塊的再制造仍處于探索階段,對于再制造的零部件符合什么樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才能繼續(xù)使用,國內(nèi)發(fā)達(dá)省份對農(nóng)機(jī)再制造也進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。2023年江蘇省農(nóng)機(jī)裝備示范項(xiàng)目中就設(shè)置了農(nóng)機(jī)再制造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目,編制相應(yīng)零部件的鑒定和檢測技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),開展農(nóng)機(jī)再制造件的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益測算和分析。但相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還未對外公開發(fā)布,其他省份的相關(guān)探索也較少。
 
三、相關(guān)建議
 
  (一)加強(qiáng)二手農(nóng)機(jī)流通監(jiān)管
 
  二手農(nóng)機(jī)流通屬于流通范疇,歸口在商務(wù)部流通管理部門,由于農(nóng)機(jī)為非道路機(jī)械,而且體量遠(yuǎn)小于汽車行業(yè),因此往往忽視了對農(nóng)機(jī)流通領(lǐng)域的監(jiān)管。建議流通行業(yè)主管部門,會同工商、稅務(wù)等部門,完善二手農(nóng)機(jī)流通的監(jiān)管,明確責(zé)任主體,打通二手農(nóng)機(jī)流通過程中,辦理票證、牌照等環(huán)節(jié)的堵點(diǎn),對經(jīng)營二手農(nóng)機(jī)的經(jīng)銷企業(yè)實(shí)行統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范化管理。
 
  (二)配套制定有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范
 
  汽車領(lǐng)域的《二手車交易規(guī)范》《二手車流通管理辦法》早在2006年商務(wù)部就已經(jīng)發(fā)布實(shí)施。2021年,關(guān)于汽車再制造,國家發(fā)展改革委會同幾大部委共同印發(fā)《汽車零部件再制造規(guī)范管理暫行辦法》。建議行業(yè)主管部門立項(xiàng),行業(yè)協(xié)會共同參與,在試驗(yàn)試點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,研究制定《二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易規(guī)范》《二手農(nóng)機(jī)流通管理辦法》《農(nóng)機(jī)零部件再制造規(guī)范管理》等相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范,依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范進(jìn)行管理。
 
  (三)優(yōu)化購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策,側(cè)重“短板”與“報廢”
 
  一是對于傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,已經(jīng)進(jìn)入存量市場狀態(tài),對于這部分新機(jī)的購買,政策上可以適當(dāng)降低補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將資金用在目前農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展的“短板”上,如丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械、畜牧水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖機(jī)械以及老舊機(jī)具的報廢補(bǔ)貼上。二是適當(dāng)提高國家農(nóng)機(jī)報廢更新補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn),調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),報廢補(bǔ)貼金額較低、流程復(fù)雜,農(nóng)戶報廢積極性并不高,建議在當(dāng)前報廢補(bǔ)貼的基礎(chǔ)上上調(diào)一定額度,同時鼓勵省、市、縣三級地方政府依據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)機(jī)使用特點(diǎn)制定導(dǎo)向性的補(bǔ)貼政策。三是優(yōu)先保障報廢補(bǔ)貼資金的兌補(bǔ),在執(zhí)行購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策時,將報廢補(bǔ)貼優(yōu)先級提高,同時簡化報廢流程,實(shí)現(xiàn)線上聯(lián)網(wǎng),推進(jìn)信息融合共享。
 
  (四)加快開展試驗(yàn)試點(diǎn)
 
  一是政府引導(dǎo),建立二手農(nóng)機(jī)市場試點(diǎn),通過集中整合,規(guī)范管理,促進(jìn)二手農(nóng)機(jī)交易流程規(guī)范化。二是以企業(yè)為主體,建立農(nóng)機(jī)再制造試點(diǎn),明確有關(guān)企業(yè)、檢測機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行再制造件的試驗(yàn)、檢測。農(nóng)機(jī)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)回收本企業(yè)老舊農(nóng)機(jī)并進(jìn)行拆解,按再制造流程進(jìn)行清選、修復(fù)并出廠,在該企業(yè)的售后服務(wù)點(diǎn),維修本企業(yè)產(chǎn)品使用。再制造產(chǎn)品出廠時,標(biāo)明為再制造產(chǎn)品,使用時明確告知用戶為再制造產(chǎn)品,并探索再制造產(chǎn)品價格評定機(jī)制。
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