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經(jīng)濟(jì)作物及丘陵山地生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化任重道遠(yuǎn)

2019-07-30 09:18:55 來源:中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會 閱讀量:14723 評論

導(dǎo)讀:我國是世界農(nóng)業(yè)大國之一,除糧食作物之外,經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植面積、年產(chǎn)量及出口量也均居世界前列,但其生產(chǎn)一直沿襲傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式,存在規(guī)模小、品種性能差異大、機(jī)械化水平較低等突出問題。與此同時,我國多山地丘陵,田地塊小、形狀不規(guī)則、坡陡彎多,栽培農(nóng)藝、種植結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,嚴(yán)重制約著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 我國是世界農(nóng)業(yè)大國之一,除糧食作物之外,經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植面積、年產(chǎn)量及出口量也均居世界前列,但其生產(chǎn)一直沿襲傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式,存在規(guī)模小、品種性能差異大、機(jī)械化水平較低等突出問題。與此同時,我國多山地丘陵,田地塊小、形狀不規(guī)則、坡陡彎多,栽培農(nóng)藝、種植結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,嚴(yán)重制約著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展。
  在此背景下,經(jīng)濟(jì)作物及丘陵山地生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展論壇于7月24日在全國農(nóng)機(jī)流通工作會議上舉辦,來自全國各地農(nóng)業(yè)與農(nóng)機(jī)方面的專家學(xué)者齊聚一堂,與廣大農(nóng)機(jī)工作者交流探討,分享他們關(guān)于上述問題的理論、思考與實踐。論壇由河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院副院長郝建軍教授主持。
  青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院院長尚書旗教授做了題為《經(jīng)濟(jì)作物機(jī)械化技術(shù)與裝備進(jìn)展思考》的演講。
 
  他結(jié)合我國現(xiàn)有農(nóng)機(jī)情況,在國家落實鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略,加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和農(nóng)機(jī)裝備轉(zhuǎn)型升級的大背景下,以胡蘿卜、甜菜、蔥姜蒜、甘薯、芝麻等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物為例,從種植和收獲兩個環(huán)節(jié)分析了現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)與裝備方面國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀和國內(nèi)外存在的差距,以期為以后的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物裝備研發(fā)提供參考和依據(jù)。
 
  他特別指出,當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)作物收獲機(jī)受客觀條件限制,效率雖比人工收獲高出甚多,但尚不能與谷物收獲機(jī)械效率媲美,而此前有企業(yè)研發(fā)出某種作物收獲機(jī),質(zhì)量很好,效果也不錯,但價格高達(dá)20余萬元,用戶很難接受。因此企業(yè)在研發(fā)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物機(jī)械時要更多地考慮我國國情。
 
  河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院楊欣教授演講的題目是《果園機(jī)械化路在何方?以蘋果機(jī)械化為例》。他坦言,其實在寫下這篇報告時,對于果園機(jī)械化的發(fā)展道路也并不是完全清晰,但任何人或企業(yè)的成功,必有一套嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)捏w系或者模式,農(nóng)業(yè)也不例外。美國有大農(nóng)場,德國有數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè),法國有合作社,日本有所謂“第六產(chǎn)業(yè)”,荷蘭有溫室農(nóng)業(yè),以色列有農(nóng)業(yè),這些國家憑借各自先進(jìn)的模式,成為世界農(nóng)業(yè)的者。而我國多種模式并存,無論何種模式,必須加速農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程,提高農(nóng)業(yè)的經(jīng)營利潤,解決農(nóng)業(yè)的人才問題。
 
  楊欣介紹,目前我國果園機(jī)械化中,農(nóng)機(jī)質(zhì)量不夠、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械與果樹產(chǎn)業(yè)未來發(fā)展契合度低,前段投入過剩而后端投入不足,農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)銜接處存在裝備盲區(qū),未來,果園作業(yè)輕簡化機(jī)械裝備、苗圃繁育全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)、丘陵和山地農(nóng)用機(jī)具研制、果園智能管理與防災(zāi)設(shè)施是產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。
 
  上海交通大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與生物學(xué)院黃丹楓教授是一位農(nóng)業(yè)專家,她從蔬菜機(jī)械化的農(nóng)藝需求角度提出了蔬菜機(jī)械的需求。
 
  中國是葉菜類蔬菜生產(chǎn)種類和品種豐富的國家,多達(dá)200多個種類,不同種類的葉菜類蔬菜要求不同的種植方式,大體可分為大田露地種植、保護(hù)地種植和工廠化生產(chǎn)等三類。蔬菜的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)顯著區(qū)別于其他農(nóng)作物,春秋季播種27天即可采收,夏季更縮短為23天左右,采收是整個生產(chǎn)過程中為費時費工的環(huán)節(jié),例如單季每畝可產(chǎn)雞毛菜500公斤,熟練工每小時采收量僅為8公斤,采收成本高達(dá)每公斤2元。因此,勞動力緊缺、生產(chǎn)成本高、機(jī)械化水平低、組織化程度低是蔬菜生產(chǎn)中面臨的大困難,已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重制約蔬菜生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,加快推進(jìn)蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
 
  黃丹楓表示,融合信息技術(shù)的大型蔬菜機(jī)械、基于設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)的溫室機(jī)械、植物工廠以及采后物流機(jī)械可能是未來蔬菜機(jī)械發(fā)展的重點方向,在品種選育、育苗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、水肥一體化、病蟲害綠色防控等方面農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝可進(jìn)一步融合。
 
  西南大學(xué)工程技術(shù)學(xué)院謝守勇教授做了題為《丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及思考》的演講。
 
  他表示,丘陵山區(qū)氣候、地質(zhì)條件大多復(fù)雜,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)立地條件差,坡多且分散,單塊地面積在1畝以下的占到耕地總面積的80%以上,戶均耕地少,不足5畝的達(dá)60%,可用“雞窩地”、“巴掌田”來形容。另一方面,丘陵山區(qū)社會化服務(wù)組織發(fā)展不足,農(nóng)業(yè)大戶產(chǎn)業(yè)效益較差,社會化服務(wù)收益低,用戶不愿購買農(nóng)機(jī);農(nóng)村信息化基礎(chǔ)薄弱,制約了智能農(nóng)機(jī)的使用。對此,應(yīng)當(dāng)改善立地條件,進(jìn)行宜機(jī)化改造,地塊小變大,短變長,陡變緩,彎變直,互聯(lián)互通,溝渠貫通;改進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝,閉環(huán)控制,轉(zhuǎn)變主配角觀念;轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)機(jī)思路,以輕簡化解決無機(jī)可用,以智能化解決無好機(jī)可用;強(qiáng)化服務(wù)意識,農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)應(yīng)從賣機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)變到賣服務(wù),并支持用戶跨區(qū)作業(yè)。
 
  河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院李建平副教授演講的題目是《河北省果園機(jī)械化技術(shù)需求與裝備發(fā)展策略》。
 
  他介紹了河北省太行山山地丘陵地區(qū)、燕山山地丘陵地區(qū)、山麓平原地區(qū)、中部平原地區(qū)和濱海平原地區(qū)的果園立地條件,分析了平地果園、梯改坡地果園、山地梯田果園和設(shè)施棚架果園各自的機(jī)械化技術(shù)需求以及無損運(yùn)輸、分級技術(shù)及裝備。
 
  他還向與會代表介紹了中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會將于8月15日在河北威縣舉辦的“農(nóng)機(jī)地頭展--果園機(jī)械走進(jìn)威縣暨十萬畝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梨園農(nóng)機(jī)具選型活動”。
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所丁文芹博士介紹了茶葉機(jī)械化裝備技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展和趨勢。
 
  她表示,茶葉是我國傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)業(yè),2018年全國茶園面積達(dá)4500萬畝,我國茶園面積占世界的60%以上,產(chǎn)量占世界的40%以上,有20多個省份、900多個縣產(chǎn)茶,是世界上一個生產(chǎn)綠茶、白茶、青茶、黃茶、紅茶、黑茶等六大茶類的國家。但我國茶葉的貿(mào)易不足世界茶葉貿(mào)易總量的1%,茶園生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化程度不足10%。茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)勞動力成本提升,老齡化嚴(yán)重,20年后誰來種茶、誰來采茶、如何種茶已經(jīng)成為擺在我們面前無法回避的問題。機(jī)械化發(fā)展的重點當(dāng)為茶園機(jī)械化作業(yè)技術(shù)模式、機(jī)械化耕作技術(shù)、機(jī)械化采摘技術(shù)和綠色防控技術(shù)。其中,模式引導(dǎo)技術(shù),應(yīng)以動力平臺通用化及作業(yè)部件模塊化為核心,輻射茶園全程機(jī)械化作業(yè)。
 
  中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院麻類研究所副所長呂江南研究員分享了關(guān)于麻類作物機(jī)械化方面的信息。
 
  麻類作物是四大天然纖維作物之一,有5000多年的栽培歷史,涉及33科90多屬,常規(guī)種植的有6種,即苧麻、黃麻、紅麻、亞麻、大麻和劍麻。我國麻類作物分布很廣,南起海南,北到黑龍江,西到新疆,東到江浙均有種植。我國雖然是麻類生產(chǎn)大國,但與世界發(fā)達(dá)國家相比,生產(chǎn)技術(shù)還相當(dāng)落后,尤其是在用工量大的收獲環(huán)節(jié)還以人工為主,勞動強(qiáng)度大,工效低。除了麻類作物本身結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、膠質(zhì)較重、纖維強(qiáng)度大容易磨損刀片外,主要還有麻類種植面積分散,不成規(guī)模,加之收獲期短,機(jī)械投入成本較高,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不明顯等原因。
 
  呂江南稱,現(xiàn)階段,我國麻類生產(chǎn)上迫切需要的是的麻類作物收割與剝制機(jī)械、農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝融合等問題,只有解決了麻類生產(chǎn)中收剝難的問題,才能提高麻類作物的收剝質(zhì)量和纖維品質(zhì)。
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