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我國果園平均機械化率僅為26.58% 提升空間大

2018-07-12 08:57:10 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：52782 評論

導(dǎo)讀：我國是果業(yè)大國，水果種植面積和產(chǎn)量近年來一直穩(wěn)居世界，同時我國也是世界上大的水果消費國，但我國卻稱不上“果業(yè)強國”，“大而不強，多而不優(yōu)”是中國果業(yè)當(dāng)前面臨的主要問題，而果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機械化水平低下正是其中的主要短板之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)前我國果業(yè)的平均綜合機械化率僅為26.58%，水平較低，僅相當(dāng)于發(fā)達(dá)國家上個世紀(jì)五六十年代的水平，差距之大非常明顯。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 我國是果業(yè)大國，水果種植面積和產(chǎn)量近年來一直穩(wěn)居世界，同時我國也是世界上大的水果消費國，但我國卻稱不上“果業(yè)強國”，“大而不強，多而不優(yōu)”是中國果業(yè)當(dāng)前面臨的主要問題，而果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機械化水平低下正是其中的主要短板之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)前我國果業(yè)的平均綜合機械化率僅為26.58%，水平較低，僅相當(dāng)于發(fā)達(dá)國家上個世紀(jì)五六十年代的水平，差距之大非常明顯。
 
　　果園機械化率為什么這么低？
 
　　我國作為糧食大國，一直以來整個農(nóng)機行業(yè)研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)和推廣的重點都放在小麥、玉米、水稻等主要糧食作物上，對果園機械領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注和投入少之又少。不得不說，目前我國糧食作物機械化已取得一定進展，成績可喜。但果業(yè)作為重要的經(jīng)濟支撐，機械化不應(yīng)受到忽視，平衡二者機械化進度，使糧食、果業(yè)都能實現(xiàn)機械化，也是我國邁向農(nóng)業(yè)強國的必然要求。

　　另一方面，我國果蔬主要種植區(qū)在山地丘陵地帶，由于其自身自然條件的限制，山地丘陵地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平難以提高是一直以來我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)面臨的一大問題。丘陵山區(qū)自然條件差，地塊小而分散，種植結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、品種多，而且基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)落后，田間道路狹窄、崎嶇且不平、道路通過性差，“先天不足”的自然條件嚴(yán)重制約了丘陵山區(qū)自身農(nóng)業(yè)機械化的發(fā)展。果園機械化更是如此，同時由于農(nóng)藝與農(nóng)機相脫節(jié)，現(xiàn)有的普通農(nóng)機和少量果園機械也難以適用于大多數(shù)的果園。
 
　　除此之外，平原地區(qū)的果園受農(nóng)村土地分散經(jīng)營模式的影響，難以形成大規(guī)模專業(yè)果園，地塊小、規(guī)模小的家庭零散種植也影響了果園機械化進程。
 
　　勞動力成本居高不下，“機器換人”勢不可擋
 
　　和糧食種植相比，果業(yè)更傾向于勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。業(yè)內(nèi)專家表示，在我國當(dāng)前的果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，挖坑栽種、開溝施肥、修剪整形、疏花疏果、除草套袋、采摘運輸?shù)拳h(huán)節(jié)大都靠人工作業(yè)，并且勞動強度極大、作業(yè)效率極低。與此同時，伴隨著農(nóng)村“空心化”日益嚴(yán)重，農(nóng)村剩余勞動力平均年齡高達(dá)59.8歲，這些老年勞動力并不能承擔(dān)高強度的果園作業(yè)。正式如此，果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中人工成本節(jié)節(jié)攀升，居高不下。據(jù)業(yè)內(nèi)統(tǒng)計，一般的人工作業(yè)費都超過了每天100元/人，新疆、華南等地早已超過了150元/人。2016-2017年，中國部分地區(qū)果園的套袋、施肥、噴藥、除草(割草)、人工修剪(疏花疏果)、采收等各個環(huán)節(jié)的每畝年人工投入成本分別達(dá)到了350元、200元、250元、50元、800元、50元，合計1700元。果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，勞動力成本所占比例已達(dá)到50%-60%。
 
　　在人工成本高企且不斷攀升和青壯勞動力短缺日益凸顯的雙重積壓之下，水果的利潤空間一降再降，面對這樣的趨勢，為了降低成本增加收益，研發(fā)和推廣果園機械、提高果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機械化率，是非常必要和迫切的。
 
　　短板中的長板：植保無人機助力果蔬農(nóng)藥噴灑
 
　　果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中農(nóng)藥噴灑是重要的一環(huán)，近年來植保無人機的迅速發(fā)展成為了果園機械化短板中的“長板”，由于無人機不受地形、農(nóng)作物的限制，能夠大大提高噴灑效率，據(jù)統(tǒng)計，植保無人機每天能飛防300畝左右的果園，是人工效率的20—30倍，噴灑農(nóng)藥又能比人工節(jié)省30%的藥液，既能降低成本，又能有效的控制用藥量降低農(nóng)藥殘留量，同時減少人工施藥安全風(fēng)險。此外，國家對植保無人機進行購機補貼，目前部分省市已開展植保無人機購機補貼試點，推進植保無人機大范圍普及工作。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　除植保環(huán)節(jié)外，果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的育苗、起苗、挖坑、除草、修剪、收獲、運輸?shù)绕渌h(huán)節(jié)還都處于“短板”階段，相應(yīng)農(nóng)機具的研發(fā)及普及工作都還有待加強。目前，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化步伐的加快，我國對果園機械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和裝備的需求越來越迫切，實現(xiàn)果園生產(chǎn)機械化已成為果樹產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的必然要求。

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