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水果應(yīng)對臺風(fēng)暴雨生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-07-26 08:44:22 來源：全國農(nóng)機(jī)推廣中心 閱讀量：14566 評論

導(dǎo)讀：為防范和減輕災(zāi)害影響，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部果樹專家指導(dǎo)組，提出果樹應(yīng)對臺風(fēng)暴雨生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 根據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)報，今年第3號臺風(fēng)“格美”將于7月25日在福建中部到浙江南部一帶沿海登陸，最強(qiáng)可達(dá)強(qiáng)臺風(fēng)級或超強(qiáng)臺風(fēng)級。臺風(fēng)影響區(qū)域會出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)風(fēng)暴雨，給水果生產(chǎn)帶來不利影響。為防范和減輕災(zāi)害影響，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部果樹專家指導(dǎo)組，提出果樹應(yīng)對臺風(fēng)暴雨生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
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做好巡園檢查  加固樹體設(shè)施
 
　　臺風(fēng)暴雨來臨前，抓緊搶收已成熟的在樹果實(shí)。幼樹、掛果量較大等易傾倒的果樹，可培土加立支柱，疏剪過重枝條，提高樹體抗風(fēng)雨能力，有條件的可設(shè)置防風(fēng)紗、防風(fēng)網(wǎng)。提早清理溝渠，預(yù)防果園淹水。避雨棚、大棚、防蟲網(wǎng)等設(shè)施果園，提前開展全園巡查，及時緊固松動設(shè)施，加強(qiáng)設(shè)施內(nèi)部支撐和外部壓覆，提高設(shè)施抗拉力，臺風(fēng)中心區(qū)域應(yīng)視情況及時揭開棚膜或劃膜保棚。發(fā)生病害較重的果園，雨前噴施代森錳鋅、丙森鋅、甲基硫菌靈等保護(hù)預(yù)防性廣譜殺菌劑，防止雨期過長導(dǎo)致雨后病害傳播蔓延。
 
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災(zāi)后修溝疏渠  暢通果園排水
 
　　臺風(fēng)暴雨后，洪水沖毀崩塌的果園，及時修補(bǔ)沖毀部分，加固斜坡土方和排水渠道，暢通排水的同時防止水土流失。積水嚴(yán)重的低洼果園，使用抽水設(shè)備排水，沒有明水但已經(jīng)過水的果園，在樹冠外緣內(nèi)側(cè)開挖排水溝，排除根系積水。果園設(shè)施和果樹支架倒地的，要及時修繕加固，嚴(yán)重?fù)p毀的要拆除重新搭建。果樹倒伏和主枝折斷的，要及時扶正樹體，給樹體噴水清洗葉片，剪除斷裂的樹枝，傷口可用1:10石灰水涂白，并用稻草包扎。根系外露的，及時培土覆蓋，防止陽光暴曬。傷根嚴(yán)重的果樹，及時疏枝、剪葉、去果，以減少蒸騰量，防止樹體死亡。
 
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加強(qiáng)肥料運(yùn)籌  恢復(fù)樹體生長
 
　　果園受澇后，土壤肥料流失，受損根系吸收肥水能力減弱，不宜立即進(jìn)行根部施肥。可葉面噴施0.1%—0.3%的磷酸二氫鉀，0.1%—0.3%的尿素、蕓苔素內(nèi)脂、農(nóng)用核苷酸等葉面肥，強(qiáng)化葉面功能、增強(qiáng)光合作用和樹體的營養(yǎng)積累，每5—7天葉面噴肥1次，連續(xù)追施2—3次。避免在中午高溫期間噴施，同時葉面肥濃度不宜太高，應(yīng)較平時略稀，可與病蟲害防治藥劑一同施用。受損較小的果園，積水排出一周后，可追施以氮、磷肥為主的速效肥料或復(fù)合肥，促發(fā)新根，加快樹勢恢復(fù)。根系受損嚴(yán)重的，待水退1個月、樹勢恢復(fù)正常后，再施用有機(jī)肥或尿素，促發(fā)新根。坐果的果園，后期增施鉀肥，追施葉面肥，及時補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)供給，促進(jìn)果實(shí)增大。
 
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科學(xué)防治病蟲害  預(yù)防暴發(fā)流行
 
　　強(qiáng)風(fēng)雨侵襲后，高溫高濕的環(huán)境利于病蟲生長繁殖，加之樹體抗性下降，極易發(fā)生流行各種病蟲害，應(yīng)及早預(yù)防。雨后及時將病蟲枝、爛果、爛葉等清出果園，減少病蟲源。搶晴噴施1—2次廣譜性殺蟲劑、殺菌劑，殺蟲劑宜選用聯(lián)苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、苦參堿等菊酯類、植物源農(nóng)藥，殺菌劑宜選用苯醚甲環(huán)唑、嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌靈、代森錳鋅、波爾多液等。近期即將采摘的水果要注意科學(xué)用藥，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行農(nóng)藥安全間隔期規(guī)定，確保果品安全。

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