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農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革不可或缺農(nóng)機(jī)支持

2016-01-11 09:23:47 來(lái)源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者:魏亞伯 閱讀量:24963 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:2015年12月底,中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議數(shù)次提出農(nóng)業(yè)“供給側(cè)”結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,按照慣例,這將可能是2016年中央一號(hào)文件的主要內(nèi)容。那么什么是供給側(cè)改革?供給側(cè)改革需要做什么?供給側(cè)改革又有何影響?

      【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】2015年12月底,中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議數(shù)次提出農(nóng)業(yè)“供給側(cè)”結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,按照慣例,這將可能是2016年中央一號(hào)文件的主要內(nèi)容。那么什么是供給側(cè)改革?供給側(cè)改革需要做什么?供給側(cè)改革又有何影響?

      供給側(cè)自然是與需求側(cè)相對(duì)應(yīng)的。此次中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議上,提出的供給側(cè)改革內(nèi)容主要有兩方面:

      一是去庫(kù)存

      據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù),2014年全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量60702.7萬(wàn)噸(6.07027億噸)。與此同時(shí),我國(guó)糧食進(jìn)口糧也同步增長(zhǎng),我國(guó)三大主糧已連續(xù)5年凈進(jìn)口,數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2014年我國(guó)糧食進(jìn)口超過(guò)1億噸。而我國(guó)年糧食消費(fèi)量是6.5億噸,那么,這沒(méi)有被消耗的大約6000萬(wàn)噸糧食要待在糧庫(kù)里了。這就是所謂的“三量齊增”。

      庫(kù)存量在常年累積下越來(lái)越高,新收的糧食沒(méi)地方儲(chǔ)存,建糧庫(kù)成了一些產(chǎn)糧大省的省長(zhǎng)們的重要任務(wù)之一。而如此高的庫(kù)存量,讓國(guó)家財(cái)政再也撐不住了,政策性的臨儲(chǔ)糧價(jià)格今年開(kāi)始全線下跌,玉米更是直線下降,農(nóng)民們損失慘重。

      為何要去庫(kù)存由此可見(jiàn)一斑。

      與此同時(shí),一些糧食深加工企業(yè)日子也同樣不好過(guò),有些廠子一開(kāi)工就虧損索性關(guān)門(mén)歇業(yè)。

      二是保質(zhì)量

      既然糧食在國(guó)內(nèi)過(guò)剩,為何糧食加工企業(yè)的日子還這么不好過(guò)呢?其中很重要的一個(gè)因素就是國(guó)產(chǎn)糧質(zhì)量不過(guò)關(guān),企業(yè)沒(méi)辦法拿去加工!那賣(mài)到國(guó)外,走出口這條路行得通嗎?答案是不行。因?yàn)槲覈?guó)糧食在各種因素下,其生產(chǎn)成本遠(yuǎn)高于國(guó)外,高價(jià)出口沒(méi)人要,低價(jià)出口就是虧本。沒(méi)辦法,只能存著!

      糧食質(zhì)量行不行,民眾也會(huì)投票。還記得2015年春節(jié)期間,有人拿1500元買(mǎi)10斤日本大米的新聞嗎?事實(shí)上,這只是國(guó)人搶購(gòu)“日本天價(jià)大米”的續(xù)集。2007年7月,中國(guó)恢復(fù)進(jìn)口日本大米,價(jià)格超過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)20倍的日本進(jìn)口大米被一搶而空。

      日本大米被*的背后是國(guó)產(chǎn)大米在品質(zhì)方面正面臨著信任危機(jī),國(guó)產(chǎn)大米在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中劣勢(shì)盡顯,前面已說(shuō)到,糧食出口不出去這也是原因之一。

      因此,國(guó)產(chǎn)糧要被國(guó)內(nèi)所消耗,質(zhì)量要提升,至少先要被國(guó)內(nèi)所認(rèn)可。

      而農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革的原則就是,在保證國(guó)家糧食供給充足的前提下,提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。

      農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革是一項(xiàng)中長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo),很可能也是“十三五”期間一項(xiàng)重要的“三農(nóng)”改革課題,此項(xiàng)改革可謂影響面非常廣。


      要去庫(kù)存的方式無(wú)非有兩種:減少入庫(kù)量和拉動(dòng)出庫(kù)量。首先,從近期以來(lái),人民幣離岸匯率大跌,人民幣的貶值或許可以阻擋糧食對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的沖擊,從短期來(lái)看,或許會(huì)有效力。但這并不是根本解決之道,國(guó)內(nèi)糧食市場(chǎng)總有一天要與接軌,當(dāng)然,這是后話。其次,農(nóng)業(yè)部已經(jīng)著手調(diào)整糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu),預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)5年內(nèi)減少玉米種植面積5000萬(wàn)畝,2016年內(nèi)預(yù)計(jì)減少超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)畝,主要針對(duì)“鐮刀灣”地區(qū)。類似這樣的種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整或在農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)機(jī)構(gòu)改革中變得更多。再次,國(guó)家或加大對(duì)糧食深加工企業(yè)的補(bǔ)助,當(dāng)國(guó)產(chǎn)糧質(zhì)量穩(wěn)步提升后,再讓這一產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈不如健康發(fā)展軌道。

      而提升農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,涉及面則更為廣闊。從當(dāng)下的農(nóng)藥化肥零增長(zhǎng)目標(biāo),到土地流轉(zhuǎn)與規(guī)模化經(jīng)營(yíng),再到農(nóng)機(jī)具的升級(jí)換代,這些都是“保質(zhì)”的重要支撐內(nèi)容。
 

      由此可以看出,農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革不僅與需求側(cè)緊緊相連,包括整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈在內(nèi)的農(nóng)民、企業(yè)、政府都包含在內(nèi),這是一盤(pán)大棋,其發(fā)力既要強(qiáng)又要穩(wěn),那么農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革中需要注意哪些問(wèn)題呢?請(qǐng)期待下期文章。

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