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黃河沿岸灌區(qū)鹽堿地水稻簡化高效育秧技術(shù)推廣典型案例

2024-12-05 08:55:12 來源：鄂爾多斯市農(nóng)牧局 閱讀量：14679 評論

導讀：典型推廣區(qū)昭君鎮(zhèn)沙圪堵村位于鄂爾多斯市達拉特旗西北部，屬沿黃灌區(qū)，土地黏重，鹽堿程度較高。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 一、典型推廣區(qū)基本情況
 
　　典型推廣區(qū)昭君鎮(zhèn)沙圪堵村位于鄂爾多斯市達拉特旗西北部，屬沿黃灌區(qū)，土地黏重，鹽堿程度較高。水稻種植是鹽堿地高效利用的有效途徑，目前在該村已發(fā)展為主導產(chǎn)業(yè)，常年水稻種植面積2萬畝左右，占到全市水稻種植面積的40%以上。育秧是水稻生產(chǎn)中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)，俗語有“秧好一半谷”的說法，2021年以來，依托自治區(qū)優(yōu)質(zhì)水稻綠色高效栽培技術(shù)協(xié)同示范推廣項目，鄂爾多斯市、達拉特旗兩級農(nóng)技推廣部門抓住沿黃灌區(qū)水稻育秧技術(shù)標準化程度不高，秧苗質(zhì)量差，影響水稻產(chǎn)量的現(xiàn)實問題，著力開展試驗示范和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，集成了鹽堿地水稻簡化高效育秧技術(shù)，并示范推廣，有力地推動了當?shù)厮旧a(chǎn)水平提高，促進了產(chǎn)業(yè)興旺發(fā)展。
 
　　二、技術(shù)推廣面積
 
　　2024年在該村大力推廣鹽堿地水稻簡化高效育秧技術(shù)，技術(shù)覆蓋1.4萬畝稻田。
 
　　三、主要做法
 
　　一是認真組織實施自治區(qū)優(yōu)質(zhì)水稻綠色高效栽培技術(shù)協(xié)同示范推廣項目，以問題為導向，精準開展試驗示范，累計建設試驗示范區(qū)4片，總面積730余畝，引進品種60余個，開展技術(shù)試驗20余項次，在育秧環(huán)節(jié)明確了包衣干籽直播替代浸種催芽播種的可行性，為簡化育秧程序創(chuàng)造了條件，在此基礎上對育秧各重要環(huán)節(jié)進行了深入研究，篩選出了高產(chǎn)品種中科發(fā)5號，并明確了適宜播量和適宜秧齡等重要參數(shù)，綜合集成了鹽堿地水稻簡化育秧技術(shù)，為育秧技術(shù)的革新奠定了科學基礎；二是將技術(shù)推廣與當?shù)厮井a(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展深度融合，利用當?shù)赜唵嗡景l(fā)展契機以及生產(chǎn)規(guī)?；?、精準化、標準化、高效化的優(yōu)勢，推進簡化育秧等技術(shù)模式和成果轉(zhuǎn)化落地。2024年當?shù)赜唵嗡痉N植面積由上年的1.1萬畝擴大到1.4萬畝，全部采用簡化育秧技術(shù)，說明該技術(shù)模式已受到主產(chǎn)區(qū)水稻種植戶的廣泛認可；三是在項目實施和技術(shù)推廣過程中，與自治區(qū)農(nóng)牧業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心、興安盟農(nóng)牧科學研究所、興安盟粳稻研究所、內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學等上級推廣部門和科研院校形成了穩(wěn)定合作關(guān)系，構(gòu)建了上下聯(lián)動的協(xié)作模式，有力地保證了技術(shù)推廣的質(zhì)量，同時也為技術(shù)的持續(xù)優(yōu)化提供了智力保障。
 
　　四、技術(shù)關(guān)鍵
 
　　該技術(shù)以包衣干籽直播為核心，采用流水線播種，播種量一般為110-120克/盤(包衣種子)，播種后各大棚先集中擺盤，然后統(tǒng)一供水，可以確保出苗一致，方便后續(xù)統(tǒng)一管理。對于有返鹽風險的大棚，可以在擺盤前預先在苗床上鋪設地膜，隔離鹽堿，避免秧苗受害。出苗后水肥、溫度管理與傳統(tǒng)浸種催芽相同，秧齡一般到35-40天可以起秧栽插。與傳統(tǒng)浸種催芽方式相比，該技術(shù)簡化了操作程序，降低了工作難度，可使單個育秧大棚的勞動用工減少2.5個，育秧成功率由70%左右提高到85%左右，單個育秧大棚可節(jié)本增效3400元左右。
 
　　五、推廣效果
 
　　2024年在推廣區(qū)內(nèi)進行了多點測產(chǎn)，采用簡化高效育秧技術(shù)并配套鹽堿地高產(chǎn)高效管理的其他技術(shù)之后水稻平均產(chǎn)量可以達到649.9公斤/畝，較周邊農(nóng)戶常規(guī)種植增產(chǎn)47.8公斤/畝，增產(chǎn)幅度達到7.94%，效果突出。2023年10月，自治區(qū)水稻高產(chǎn)競賽專家組在技術(shù)推廣示范區(qū)內(nèi)選擇代表性地塊進行了實收測產(chǎn)，實收面積2.28畝，測得產(chǎn)量720.19公斤/畝(折算為14.5%標準水分)，創(chuàng)造內(nèi)蒙古西部沿黃灌區(qū)水稻最高產(chǎn)紀錄。
 
　　來源：鄂爾多斯市農(nóng)牧技術(shù)推廣中心、種植業(yè)科
 
　　作者：蘇偉、李娜
 
　　審核：徐鑫、劉星
 
　　校對：哈布日喜勒
 
　　編輯：任必歆

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