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2024年秋冬季露地甘藍(lán)科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-10-02 09:15:37 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：19995 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配合，合理施用有機(jī)肥，控氮、穩(wěn)磷、增鉀。依據(jù)土壤肥力條件，適當(dāng)調(diào)整化肥用量。

　　施肥原則
 
　　針對(duì)露地甘藍(lán)生產(chǎn)中有機(jī)肥施用量差異較大，氮肥用量高、鉀肥和中微量元素施用不足，施用時(shí)期和施肥方式不合理，過量灌溉等問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　(1)有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配合，合理施用有機(jī)肥，控氮、穩(wěn)磷、增鉀。依據(jù)土壤肥力條件，適當(dāng)調(diào)整化肥用量。
 
　　(2)基肥和追肥相結(jié)合，追肥以氮為主，氮磷鉀合理搭配，施用增效肥料，提高肥料利用效率，降低養(yǎng)分損失。
 
　　(3)注意在蓮座期至結(jié)球后期適當(dāng)噴施鈣、硼等中微量元素肥料，防止“干燒心”等生理性病害發(fā)生。
 
　　(4)土壤酸化嚴(yán)重時(shí)適量施用石灰、鈣鎂磷肥等具有改良酸性土壤功效的肥料或土壤調(diào)理劑。
 
　　(5)推廣節(jié)水灌溉，提倡采用水肥一體化技術(shù)，提高水肥利用效率。
 
　　(6)施肥與高產(chǎn)栽培結(jié)合，選育高產(chǎn)耐密品種，提高育苗質(zhì)量，采用合理種植密度，選擇適宜播期/移栽期。
 
　　施肥建議
 
　　(1)基肥施用豬糞、雞糞、牛糞等經(jīng)過充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥2—3方/畝或商品有機(jī)肥(含生物有機(jī)肥)200—300 公斤/畝，推薦施用高碳氮比、高碳磷比有機(jī)肥。
 
　　(2)產(chǎn)量水平5500公斤/畝以上，氮肥(N)14—16公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)5—8公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)10—12公斤/畝。
 
　　(3)產(chǎn)量水平4500—5500公斤/畝，氮肥(N)12—14公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)4—5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)8—10公斤/畝。
 
　　(4)產(chǎn)量水平低于4500公斤/畝，氮肥(N)10—12公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)3—4公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)6—8公斤/畝。
 
　　(5)氮鉀肥30%—40%基施，60%—70%在蓮座期和結(jié)球初期分兩次追施，磷肥全部作基肥條施或穴施，在結(jié)球初期增施鉀肥。雨水豐沛或土壤肥力水平較低的地塊，在蓮座期前封行時(shí)分配10%—15%的氮肥用量，在雨水充沛的區(qū)域推薦添加含增效氮肥(脲酶抑制劑、硝化抑制劑)的肥料。有條件的地塊，推薦施用一次性控釋專用肥。對(duì)往年“干燒心”發(fā)生較嚴(yán)重的地塊，注意控氮補(bǔ)鈣，可于蓮座期至結(jié)球后期葉面噴施0.3%—0.5%的氯化鈣溶液或硝酸鈣溶液2—3次。南方地區(qū)菜園土壤pH<5時(shí)，宜在整地前施用生石灰100—150公斤/畝；土壤pH<4.5時(shí)，施用生石灰150—200公斤/畝。缺硼的地塊基施硼砂0.5—1公斤/畝，或葉面噴施0.2%—0.3%的硼砂(或0.1%—0.2%的糖醇硼)溶液2—3次。可結(jié)合噴藥噴施2—3次0.5%的磷酸二氫鉀溶液，提高甘藍(lán)的凈菜率和商品率。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學(xué)施肥專家指導(dǎo)組

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