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2024年山西省高粱生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-04-02 08:33:51 來源:山西省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:14608 評論

導(dǎo)讀:高粱忌連作,前茬以大豆、玉米、馬鈴薯等茬口為宜。要注意了解前茬除草劑使用情況,避免對高粱造成藥害。建議在秋季前茬收獲后抓緊秸稈粉碎還田和整地,耕翻深度25~30厘米。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】 為切實加強技術(shù)支撐,進一步提升我省高粱生產(chǎn)水平,結(jié)合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際,特制定2024年山西省高粱生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  一、選擇良種
 
  因地制宜選擇經(jīng)審(認)定、登記推廣的優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗逆性強的專用品種。晉北地區(qū)高粱種植以早熟品種為主,可選擇敖雜1號、晉早5564、晉早5577、晉雜28號、晉雜41號、晉雜22號、晉雜12號、紅糯16號等品種。晉中、晉東南、晉南地區(qū)高粱種植以中晚熟品種為主,可選擇晉中405、晉雜34號、晉雜31號、晉雜22號、晉雜12號、晉粱111、晉糯3號、晉糯102、紅糯16號、紅纓子等品種。
 
  二、選地整地
 
  高粱忌連作,前茬以大豆、玉米、馬鈴薯等茬口為宜。要注意了解前茬除草劑使用情況,避免對高粱造成藥害。建議在秋季前茬收獲后抓緊秸稈粉碎還田和整地,耕翻深度25~30厘米,耕后地表平整,無大土塊和殘茬,表土上虛下實,達到“春墑秋保、春苗秋抓”的目的。
 
  三、適期播種
 
  (一)播期。依據(jù)品種生育期、地溫和土壤墑情確定播期。一般5厘米耕層地溫穩(wěn)定在10~12℃時,土壤含水量在15%~20%為宜。晉北地區(qū)適播期大多在5月中旬,晉中、晉東南、晉南地區(qū)適播期多在5月初。晚熟品種適時搶墑早播,早熟品種適時晚播。春旱嚴重的山區(qū)、坡地、朝陽地塊,可適時早播,低洼易澇、平原地塊適當晚播。
 
  (二)種子處理。播種前進行曬種,在戶外陽光下將種子平鋪3~5厘米厚,曬2~3天即可。建議選用經(jīng)種子包衣或藥劑處理后的種子。
 
  (三)播種方法。等行距種植,行距50~60厘米;寬窄行種植,寬行行距70~80厘米,窄行行距30厘米。播種深度3~4厘米,播后完成覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓。
 
  四、合理密植
 
  根據(jù)品種特點、當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)、生產(chǎn)條件、土壤肥力和種植習慣等確定密度。粒用高粱中稈品種(株高在1.6~1.8米)畝留苗一般在0.7萬~0.8萬株,矮稈品種(株高在1.3~1.5米)畝留苗可達2萬株。每畝播種量根據(jù)種子實際發(fā)芽率進行適量播種,一般發(fā)芽率在95%以上的,中稈品種畝播種量0.3~0.5公斤。一般發(fā)芽率在80%~90%的,中稈品種畝播種量0.5~0.7公斤。精量播種機播種時要做好清選、曬種,保證種子大小均勻、整齊一致。
 
  五、田間管理
 
  (一)間苗除草。精量播種地塊可不間苗。人工間苗在4~6葉期進行,除草可結(jié)合間苗和中耕進行2次。在播種后出苗前噴施高粱專用除草劑(50%異丙甲草胺·莠去津懸浮劑150~200克/畝對水32升)封閉除草。一般不建議苗后化學(xué)除草,易產(chǎn)生藥害。若必須苗后除草,可在3~5葉期前后根據(jù)田間不同雜草類型選用適宜的高粱專用苗后除草劑除草,注意施用劑量及施用時期。
 
  (二)肥水管理。分期施肥、科學(xué)減量,增施基肥、施足種肥,適時追肥。一般畝施農(nóng)家肥3000公斤、氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥(優(yōu)選高氮、中磷、低鉀配比、總養(yǎng)分含量達40%以上的肥料)25~40公斤,可根據(jù)當?shù)赝寥阑A(chǔ)養(yǎng)分情況和目標產(chǎn)量適當調(diào)整。農(nóng)家肥作底肥,復(fù)合肥結(jié)合播種一次性施入,為提高產(chǎn)量,可在拔節(jié)期畝追施10~15公斤尿素或在拔節(jié)期和灌漿期分別選用磷酸二氫鉀100克+蕓苔素內(nèi)酯5毫升+尿素100克,對水30~40升,葉面噴施高粱全株。施種肥時注意種、肥分開,以防燒種,影響出苗。高粱耐旱耐澇,但拔節(jié)孕穗和抽穗開花是需水關(guān)鍵期,如遇干旱,有條件地區(qū)應(yīng)及時灌水。
 
  (三)病蟲害防治。絲黑穗病、螟蟲、蚜蟲是高粱常見病蟲害??梢虻刂埔说赝ㄟ^輪作倒茬、選用抗病品種、藥劑拌種、適時早播等農(nóng)業(yè)措施防治。利用頻振燈、黃板等物理措施防治害蟲。拔節(jié)至抽穗開花期注意早防早治蚜蟲,大喇叭口期用藥劑灌心或噴施防治螟蟲。防治絲黑穗病可用6%戊唑醇懸浮種衣劑6~9 克拌100公斤高粱種子。
 
  六、適時收獲
 
  適宜收獲期在蠟熟末期,此時收獲籽粒飽滿,產(chǎn)量最高,品質(zhì)最佳。機收可在籽粒達到完熟期、葉片枯死后,籽粒含水率下降到20%左右時,使用聯(lián)合收割機進行收割。
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