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2024年山西省谷子生產(chǎn)技術指導意見

2024-03-29 16:05:42 來源：山西省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：14859 評論

導讀：根據(jù)市場需求，兼顧規(guī)?；?、機械化生產(chǎn)要求，選擇適宜當?shù)胤N植的優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗逆的谷子品種。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為切實加強技術支撐，進一步提升我省谷子生產(chǎn)水平，結合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際，特制定2024年山西省谷子生產(chǎn)技術指導意見。
 
　　一、選擇良種
 
　　根據(jù)市場需求，兼顧規(guī)?；?、機械化生產(chǎn)要求，選擇適宜當?shù)胤N植的優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗逆品種。晉北早熟區(qū)宜選用張雜系列、金苗K1、8311、大白谷和同谷系列等品種。晉中、晉東南中晚熟區(qū)宜選用晉谷系列、長農(nóng)系列、長生系列和長雜系列等品種。
 
　　二、整地施肥
 
　　合理輪作倒茬，春季及時頂凌耙地，播種前要精細整地。土壤墑情較好的地塊可免耕播種以利于保墑，土壤墑情較差的地塊可整地后待降雨趁墑播種。旱地施肥提倡底肥重施，以農(nóng)家肥和有機肥為主，化學肥料為輔，盡量少追肥。一般畝施農(nóng)家肥2000～3000公斤，純氮8～10公斤、純磷8公斤左右。
 
　　三、適期播種
 
　　根據(jù)品種特性、地溫和土壤墑情等確定適宜播期。晉北早熟區(qū)一般于4月下旬播種，晉中、晉東南中晚熟區(qū)一般于5月上中旬播種。如冬季降雪少、比較干旱的地塊可搶墑播種。播前進行曬種或藥劑拌種。晉北地區(qū)選擇地膜覆蓋，覆膜方式可采用微壟膜側溝播或者全膜覆蓋，并選擇與覆膜方式配套的覆膜播種一體機。等行距種植，行距為50厘米左右；寬窄行種植，寬行距60厘米、窄行距40厘米。晉中、晉東南地區(qū)以膜側溝播或機械化精量寬行條播技術為主。
 
　　四、合理密植
 
　　根據(jù)品種特點、水肥條件、播種方式等確定種植密度，通過控制適宜播量和間苗管理，確保合理密植。晉北地區(qū)雜交谷子適宜的密度在0.8萬～1.5萬株/畝(旱地0.8萬～1.2萬株/畝，水澆地1.0萬～1.5萬株/畝)。采用精量播種機播種，一般畝播量為0.3～0.75公斤，根據(jù)種子的凈度、發(fā)芽率、雜交率、土壤墑情、整地質(zhì)量等進行合理調(diào)控。晉中、晉東南地區(qū)常規(guī)谷子適宜的密度在2.5萬～3.0萬株/畝。
 
　　五、田間管理
 
　　(一)間苗除草。精量播種的地塊可不間苗或簡化間苗，無法精量播種的地塊可化控間苗。抗除草劑品種在3～5葉期采用配套除草劑間苗和除草，其他田塊可采用播后苗前專用除草劑封閉除草。膜側栽培較露地栽培減半使用除草劑，全膜覆蓋不用或少用除草劑。除草劑使用應遵照有關說明或在農(nóng)技人員指導下進行。
 
　　(二)肥水管理。地膜覆蓋地塊應施足底肥，畝施40～50公斤緩釋配方肥或50～60公斤氮磷鉀復合肥，有條件地區(qū)增施農(nóng)家肥或300～500公斤生物有機肥。谷子耐旱怕澇，遇到大雨要及時排水；降雨較少時，有灌溉條件的可在孕穗期、開花灌漿期澆水1～2次。
 
　　(三)病蟲害防治。通過輪作倒茬、優(yōu)選抗病品種、適期播種、種子及土壤處理、加強水肥管理、田間清潔生產(chǎn)等農(nóng)業(yè)措施，降低病蟲害發(fā)生。在病蟲發(fā)生后，選用低毒高效農(nóng)藥進行防控，建議選用真菌類、病毒類和細菌類微生物殺蟲劑，推廣應用植物源農(nóng)藥和植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑等。
 
　　六、適時收獲
 
　　當95%谷粒變硬時及時收獲，避免品質(zhì)降低、落粒和遇雨穗發(fā)芽等。平原區(qū)可采用聯(lián)合收獲機收獲；丘陵山區(qū)先采用多功能割曬機收割再使用谷子脫粒機脫粒。收獲后的谷子應及時晾曬或烘干，含水量降至13%以下時貯藏保存。

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