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2024年保護(hù)地蔬菜重要害蟲(chóng)生物防治技術(shù)方案

2024-03-28 08:33:47 來(lái)源:全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:12214 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)多,常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲(chóng)、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等,蟲(chóng)量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)多,常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲(chóng)、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等,蟲(chóng)量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重;偶發(fā)的有潛葉蠅、棉鈴蟲(chóng)、甜菜夜蛾等。利用生物防治技術(shù)是保障蔬菜質(zhì)量安全、推進(jìn)綠色植保的有效途徑。為推動(dòng)害蟲(chóng)的生物防治工作,特制定本方案。
 
  一、防控目標(biāo)
 
  保護(hù)地蔬菜重要害蟲(chóng)防治處置率90%以上,害蟲(chóng)總體防控效果80%以上,危害損失率控制在10%以內(nèi),保障蔬菜生產(chǎn)及產(chǎn)品安全。
 
  二、防控策略
 
  針對(duì)保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生特點(diǎn),采取“實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)、提前預(yù)防、壓前控后、多策并舉”策略,以健康栽培、物理隔離和生態(tài)調(diào)控等技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),以釋放天敵和應(yīng)用生物農(nóng)藥為主要手段,將害蟲(chóng)控制在經(jīng)濟(jì)危害水平以下。
 
  三、生物防治應(yīng)用保障技術(shù)
 
  (一)物理阻隔
 
  蔬菜定植前安裝防蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)。在棚室旁設(shè)置緩沖間,門(mén)口和入口及上、下通風(fēng)口安裝60目防蟲(chóng)網(wǎng),阻斷害蟲(chóng)侵入。
 
  (二)健康栽培
 
  1.環(huán)境控制。確保保護(hù)地溫濕度、光照、通風(fēng)和密閉性控制良好,適宜蔬菜生長(zhǎng)。
 
  2.清潔棚室。前茬蔬菜采收后及時(shí)拉秧清棚,徹底清除殘枝、落葉、落果、雜草、裸根等,于棚外集中無(wú)害化處理。密閉熏蒸或藥劑均勻噴灑墻壁、棚膜、緩沖間1—2次。
 
  3.土壤消毒。定植前使用土壤消毒劑殺滅病蟲(chóng)源,處理后增施枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉菌等有益菌劑。
 
  4.健身栽培。潔凈種苗,合理密植,施用氨基寡糖類(lèi)、蛋白質(zhì)免疫誘抗劑等,提升植株抗病蟲(chóng)能力。
 
  (三)生態(tài)調(diào)控
 
  1.種植蜜源植物。棚間空地種植金盞菊、波斯菊、苜蓿、芝麻和蛇床子等植物。
 
  2. 種植驅(qū)避植物。棚內(nèi)在通風(fēng)口區(qū)種植茴香、萬(wàn)壽菊、除蟲(chóng)菊等植物。
 
  3. 種植誘集植物。茄果類(lèi)蔬菜定植時(shí),在其種植行的兩端和中間位置各種1株甜瓜,每隔4行種植1組,或瓜類(lèi)蔬菜溫室用盆栽的苘麻置于行間,高效誘集粉虱類(lèi)害蟲(chóng)。
 
  四、生物防治技術(shù)
 
  (一)天敵應(yīng)用技術(shù)
 
  定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)害蟲(chóng)種群發(fā)生情況,在害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生初期即采用相應(yīng)防治措施。
 
  1.防治粉虱類(lèi)害蟲(chóng)
 
  天敵品種:麗蚜小蜂等
 
  釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲(chóng)即可釋放天敵,麗蚜小蜂按2000頭/畝,隔7—10天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3—5次。
 
  2. 防治薊馬類(lèi)害蟲(chóng)
 
  天敵品種:小花蝽類(lèi)、胡瓜新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨和劍毛帕厲螨。
 
  釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲(chóng)即可釋放天敵。小花蝽類(lèi)天敵按500頭/畝,隔7—10天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—4次;或根部撒施劍毛帕厲螨100—200頭/平方米,同時(shí)葉部撒施巴氏新小綏螨或胡瓜新小綏螨100—200頭/平方米,每2周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—3次。
 
  3. 防治害螨
 
  天敵品種:智利小植綏螨、加州新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨。
 
  釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害螨即可釋放捕食螨。葉部撒施智利小植綏螨5—10頭/平方米,點(diǎn)片發(fā)生時(shí)中心株釋放30頭/平方米,每2周釋放一次,釋放3次?;蛉~部撒施加州新小綏螨300—500頭/平方米,每周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3—5次,或釋放巴氏新小綏螨,方法同加州新小綏螨。
 
  4. 防治蚜蟲(chóng)類(lèi)害蟲(chóng)
 
  天敵品種:蚜繭蜂、草蛉、食蚜癭蚊、瓢蟲(chóng)。
 
  釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲(chóng)即可釋放天敵。蚜繭蜂按2000—4000頭/畝,或草蛉(繭)按300—500頭/畝,或食蚜癭蚊按300—500頭/畝,每周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—3次。或瓢蟲(chóng)(成蟲(chóng))按1:60益害比釋放,或瓢蟲(chóng)(卵)按2000頭/畝,釋放2—3次。
 
  5. 防治鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)
 
  天敵種類(lèi):赤眼蜂類(lèi)、蠋蝽等
 
  釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲(chóng)即可釋放天敵。赤眼蜂類(lèi)按10000頭/畝,或蠋蝽按20—30頭/畝,隔5—7天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3次。
 
  (二)生物農(nóng)藥防治技術(shù)
 
  當(dāng)釋放天敵不能夠有效控制保護(hù)地害蟲(chóng)時(shí),可使用生物農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行防治,使用前需確定生物農(nóng)藥與天敵的兼容性,降低其對(duì)天敵的影響。粉虱類(lèi)、蚜蟲(chóng)類(lèi)和薊馬類(lèi)可選用除蟲(chóng)菊素、苦參堿、魚(yú)藤酮、藜蘆根莖提取物、綠僵菌、球孢白僵菌、多殺霉素等藥劑;鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)可選用短穩(wěn)桿菌、蘇云金桿菌、印楝素、核型多角體病毒等藥劑。
 
  五、注意事項(xiàng)
 
  (一)釋放天敵宜在保護(hù)地蔬菜上使用,注意天敵不耐儲(chǔ)存,應(yīng)盡早釋放,不可置于陽(yáng)光下暴曬。
 
  (二)釋放天敵后,避免施用化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)殺螨劑,2天內(nèi)盡量減少農(nóng)事操作,以利于天敵轉(zhuǎn)移到植株上。
 
  (三)有避光、避高溫要求的生物藥劑宜在陰天或下午4點(diǎn)以后施藥。
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