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2024年黑龍江省備春耕生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-03-20 09:58:13 來源:黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:16388 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:各地要結(jié)合當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,樹立“搶農(nóng)時(shí)、抗春旱、保春種、奪全苗、促增產(chǎn)”意識(shí),推進(jìn)良田良種良機(jī)良法良制融合,依托大型先進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備開展大壟密植、水肥一體化等高產(chǎn)高效農(nóng)機(jī)化作業(yè),采取有效措施保證機(jī)械化播種質(zhì)量,為確保糧食單產(chǎn)提升打牢基礎(chǔ)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 2024年春季氣溫較往年略高且回暖較快,土壤化凍時(shí)間提前,雨雪天氣偏多,土壤墑情好,西旱東澇現(xiàn)象仍較突出,預(yù)計(jì)后春有階段性低溫,備春耕生產(chǎn)比常年略早。由于去年秋收拖后,降雪較早,部分農(nóng)田未實(shí)施秋整地作業(yè),大量秸稈留存地表,導(dǎo)致今年春整地壓力增大。因此,各地要結(jié)合當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,樹立“搶農(nóng)時(shí)、抗春旱、保春種、奪全苗、促增產(chǎn)”意識(shí),推進(jìn)良田良種良機(jī)良法良制融合,依托大型先進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備開展大壟密植、水肥一體化等高產(chǎn)高效農(nóng)機(jī)化作業(yè),采取有效措施保證機(jī)械化播種質(zhì)量,為確保糧食單產(chǎn)提升打牢基礎(chǔ)。
 
  一、旱田高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高質(zhì)量整地播種
 
  (一)秸稈處理
 
  1.對(duì)于秸稈需離田的地塊。在積雪融化后的有效時(shí)間內(nèi),趁地表未解凍前,組織采用機(jī)械打包、撿拾等形式將秸稈盡快離田處理,如田間積雪存量較大,要及早進(jìn)行耢雪散墑。去年秋季已打包未離田的秸稈圓包或方包盡快離田。
 
  2.對(duì)秸稈需要還田的地塊,使用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)進(jìn)行秸稈粉碎還田處理,要選用雙軸式大功率設(shè)備,垂爪撿拾和刀片粉碎相結(jié)合的結(jié)構(gòu),秸稈粉碎長度5~10厘米,可防止秸稈纏繞機(jī)具,為后續(xù)整地創(chuàng)造條件。如機(jī)車進(jìn)地作業(yè)車轍較深的地塊要進(jìn)行耙平整地處理。
 
  (二)視墑?wù)?br /> 
  1.對(duì)于去年未進(jìn)行秋整地的地塊。如秸稈已離田處理的,可采取多功能聯(lián)合整地機(jī)一次完成滅茬、旋耕、起壟、鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè),隨整地隨播種,播后再次鎮(zhèn)壓,避免跑墑。
 
  2.對(duì)于秸稈未進(jìn)行離田處理的地塊。當(dāng)土壤化凍12厘米以上,可使用秸稈全量還田聯(lián)合整地機(jī)一次性完成秸稈粉碎還田、碎土混埋、深松滅茬、起壟鎮(zhèn)壓等聯(lián)合整地作業(yè),也可直接用缺口重耙或高速耙進(jìn)行耙茬整地作業(yè),以兩遍為宜,將作物秸稈及根茬直接耙碎并與土壤充分混拌,不漏耙、不拖堆,耕層內(nèi)無大土塊及空隙,平作地塊鎮(zhèn)壓后達(dá)到待播狀態(tài),壟作地塊起壟后立即鎮(zhèn)壓,達(dá)到待播狀態(tài)。
 
  3.對(duì)實(shí)施保護(hù)性耕作地塊??刹捎貌粍?dòng)土或少動(dòng)土的方式,在秸稈覆蓋地表的情況下按照農(nóng)藝要求直接用免耕播種機(jī)在原壟上一次作業(yè)完成種床清理、開溝破茬、側(cè)深施肥、精量播種和覆土鎮(zhèn)壓等耕作。如秸稈覆蓋量大、地表堅(jiān)硬或低溫冷涼的田塊,可采用帶有深松、滅茬、碎土、條耕功能的條耕機(jī),對(duì)壟體種床秸稈(根茬)進(jìn)行條帶耕作,深松深度25~30厘米,條耕帶寬20~30厘米,條耕后及時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓防止跑墑,達(dá)到待播狀態(tài)。也可選用懸掛式秸稈歸行機(jī)或摟草機(jī),將播種帶秸稈清理歸集到空閑帶,提升地溫,完成播種前準(zhǔn)備。
 
  4.對(duì)于去年秋季已深翻地塊,要抓住墑情頂凌整地,耙兩遍后直接起壟、鎮(zhèn)壓,各項(xiàng)作業(yè)連續(xù)完成達(dá)到播種狀態(tài),干旱地區(qū)已起壟地塊,應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行頂凌鎮(zhèn)壓封住土壤表墑。春起大壟地塊,大壟壟寬110厘米或130厘米,鎮(zhèn)壓后壟高18~22厘米,壟距均勻一致,壟向筆直,壟體飽滿。
 
  110厘米大壟密植機(jī)械化技術(shù),起壟作業(yè)可選擇有輔助駕駛(自動(dòng)駕駛)功能大馬力拖拉機(jī),前輪輪距一般是有級(jí)可調(diào)的,調(diào)整到最接近110厘米整數(shù)倍輪距,后輪距一般是無級(jí)可調(diào)的,調(diào)整到與前輪距一致,起壟機(jī)壟距調(diào)整到與拖拉機(jī)輪距一致,此狀態(tài)所起大壟接近110厘米,后續(xù)播種、中耕、施肥作業(yè)都選用起壟時(shí)所調(diào)整的大馬力拖拉機(jī),確保110厘米大壟種植對(duì)行作業(yè),避免拖拉機(jī)前輪加裝接盤的違規(guī)行為,避免發(fā)生農(nóng)機(jī)安全事故。
 
  130厘米大壟密植機(jī)械化技術(shù),起壟作業(yè)可選擇有輔助駕駛(自動(dòng)駕駛)功能大馬力拖拉機(jī),無需對(duì)前后輪距調(diào)整,起壟滿足130厘米大壟技術(shù)要求,后續(xù)播種、植保、中耕、施肥作業(yè)時(shí),拖拉機(jī)選擇前、后輪距均調(diào)整到130厘米的80~140中馬力拖拉機(jī)即可。
 
  5.實(shí)施水肥一體化地塊,可選用大壟密植淺埋滴灌專用精量播種機(jī)一次性完成播種、施肥、鋪設(shè)滴灌帶、鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè),播種后,及時(shí)將地頭滴灌帶淺埋入土,盡快鋪設(shè)滴灌支管、副管,連接毛管。支管布局按照地面坡降大小和水源水量壓力來計(jì)算,出苗前由專業(yè)人員負(fù)責(zé)開機(jī)試水、試壓,檢查滴灌管網(wǎng)是否能正常運(yùn)行,管帶接頭是否漏水,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)解決。
 
  (三)搶墑精播
 
  建議5~10厘米耕層地溫穩(wěn)定通過7~8℃左右,土壤含水量在20%左右時(shí),采用精密播種機(jī)或免耕播種機(jī)按照農(nóng)藝要求直接進(jìn)行作業(yè),一次完成播種施肥、覆土鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè)。播深為鎮(zhèn)壓后3~5厘米,施肥深度8~10厘米。玉米大壟雙行精量播種地塊,窄行苗帶間距40厘米,寬行苗帶間距70厘米或90厘米;大豆大壟密植地塊,110厘米壟上種植大豆2或3行,壟上2行小行距40厘米、3行小行距22.5厘米,中間行密度較邊行減少10%~15%;130厘米壟上種植大豆3或4行,壟上3行平均行距30厘米,4行小行距10~12厘米,中間行距25厘米,中間行密度降低30%~40%,按所選玉米、大豆品種農(nóng)藝要求設(shè)定株距。條帶耕作地塊播種時(shí)用免耕播種機(jī)沿條耕帶直接對(duì)行播種,秸稈條帶歸行地塊,可使用免耕播種機(jī)在清理后的播種帶進(jìn)行播種,也可以用拖拉機(jī)配置前置式秸稈歸行機(jī)后牽引免耕播種機(jī),在秸稈歸行時(shí)同步進(jìn)行免耕播種,形成寬行90厘米或70厘米與窄行40厘米隔年交替種植模式。
 
  播種時(shí)可選用具有分層精量施肥、種肥監(jiān)測(cè)、智能免耕(電控)、自控仿形和高速精量等功能玉米單粒精密播種機(jī),實(shí)現(xiàn)高速精量精準(zhǔn)播種,對(duì)于大壟密植播種機(jī)要通過串動(dòng)播種單體,對(duì)播種行距進(jìn)行調(diào)整,實(shí)現(xiàn)大壟精量播種的參數(shù)適配,免耕播種優(yōu)先選用免耕防堵配有撥草裝置、圓盤切草裝置、指夾式或氣力式排種器的牽引式高性能免耕播種機(jī)。播種時(shí)要適時(shí)早播、搶播,在最佳播種期內(nèi)完成播種,要科學(xué)確定種植密度,做到播種精細(xì)、用種精量、下籽均勻、深淺一致、覆土嚴(yán)密,播種地塊要隨播種隨鎮(zhèn)壓。春澇地塊不可濕耕濕種,在加快散墑作業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上,適當(dāng)淺播淺種淺覆土,隔天輕鎮(zhèn)壓,促進(jìn)早出苗。
 
  二、水田高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高效率育秧整地插秧
 
  (一)提早育秧準(zhǔn)備。積雪較厚的大棚育秧小區(qū),要充分利用機(jī)械及時(shí)清理苗床及育秧棚室周圍的積雪,秋冬季因風(fēng)雪損壞大棚的育秧小區(qū),要提早清雪、搶修和扣棚,在播種前20天完成扣棚任務(wù),促進(jìn)置床化凍,做好育秧準(zhǔn)備工作。早做床、早備土,床面要平整、細(xì)碎、無坷垃且排水良,做好苗床施肥施藥,澆足底水,及早備好結(jié)構(gòu)疏松、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高、無草籽、無長殘效農(nóng)藥的育秧土。用智能育秧溫室進(jìn)行智能浸種催芽,用育秧系統(tǒng)或水稻育秧播種機(jī)適時(shí)進(jìn)行機(jī)械播種,機(jī)插盤每盤播芽種200~275克,缽體盤每缽穴播種3~5粒芽種??茖W(xué)苗期管理,及時(shí)施肥施藥,確保苗齊、苗壯。
 
  (二)促雪早融,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化整地。
 
  采用拖拉機(jī)配套旋耕機(jī)、水田耙或撈子及早進(jìn)行破雪作業(yè),促雪早融,提升地溫,根據(jù)不同地況,適時(shí)整地:
 
  1.翻埋攪漿整地。秋季秸稈翻埋還田地塊,插秧前7~10天可直接放水泡田,水深達(dá)到垡塊2/3即可,泡田2~3天,用攪漿平地機(jī)進(jìn)行攪漿平地作業(yè)2~3遍,作業(yè)水深1~2厘米,作業(yè)深度15~18厘米,沉淀3~5天,達(dá)到待插狀態(tài)。
 
  2.旋耕攪漿整地。土壤墑情較好,可選擇旋耕攪漿整地,土壤解凍15厘米以上,即可旋耕作業(yè),旋耕深度15~18厘米,在插秧前7~10天施基肥后泡田2~3天,用攪漿平地機(jī)進(jìn)行攪漿平地作業(yè)2~3遍,作業(yè)水深1~2厘米,作業(yè)深度12~15厘米,攪漿作業(yè)結(jié)束后,施入除草劑,沉淀3~5天,達(dá)到待插狀態(tài)。
 
  3.刨地?cái)嚌{整地。土壤濕度大、秸稈拋撒不均勻,旱整地?zé)o法進(jìn)行,可選擇刨地?cái)嚌{整地,土壤解凍18厘米以上,可用埋草旋耕機(jī)(俗稱:刨地機(jī),其刀齒比普通旋耕機(jī)長5厘米左右,且對(duì)稱排列)進(jìn)行旋耕埋草作業(yè),作業(yè)深度要達(dá)到18~20厘米,插秧前7~10天施基肥后放水泡田2~3天,用高留茬攪漿平地機(jī)、雙軸滅茬攪漿平地機(jī)等進(jìn)行攪漿平地作業(yè),作業(yè)水深1~2厘米,攪漿深度15~18厘米,沉淀3~5天,達(dá)到待插狀態(tài)。
 
  4.原茬攪漿整地。秋季沒有旱整地,留茬高度30厘米以內(nèi),冰雪融化后即可放水泡田,插秧前5~7天,用高留茬攪漿機(jī)、雙軸滅茬攪漿平地機(jī)等進(jìn)行攪漿平地作業(yè),作業(yè)水深1~2厘米,攪漿深度為18~20厘米,沉淀3~5天,達(dá)到待插狀態(tài)。
 
  如出現(xiàn)大量秸稈漂浮,請(qǐng)將田塊內(nèi)水排干,沉淀1~2天,用攪漿平地機(jī)再進(jìn)行1遍攪漿平地作業(yè),沉淀3~5天,在沉淀期間適時(shí)補(bǔ)水,到達(dá)待插狀態(tài)。
 
  水田水整地建議采用橡膠履帶式拖拉機(jī)作業(yè),可減少水田耕層的破壞,避免插秧過程中陷機(jī)。
 
  (二)機(jī)械插秧
 
  日平均氣溫穩(wěn)定通過13℃時(shí)即可開始進(jìn)行插秧作業(yè),根據(jù)育秧的形式選擇適宜型式的移栽機(jī)械:
 
  1.毯壯苗移栽。毯狀苗育秧選擇乘坐式高速插秧機(jī)或步進(jìn)式插秧機(jī)進(jìn)行插秧作業(yè),秧苗3.1~3.5葉齡為最佳移栽期,因地確定插秧密度,插秧做到行直、穴勻、不拖堆、不漂秧,插秧深度不超過2厘米,插秧水深控制在1~2厘米為佳。最好選擇帶有側(cè)深施肥功能的高速插秧機(jī)插秧作業(yè),即在水稻機(jī)械插秧的同時(shí)將肥料(基蘗肥同施)一次性施在苗帶側(cè)下方泥土中,肥料距稻根側(cè)向距離3~5厘米,深度5厘米,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)施肥,又提高了肥料利用率,減少面源污染。
 
  2.缽體育秧移栽。缽體育秧選擇缽育擺載機(jī)或拋秧機(jī)進(jìn)行水稻移栽作業(yè),缽育擺栽是通過“機(jī)械手”的形式,將缽體秧苗擺栽的本田中,缽育拋秧是利用自由落體的原理,將缽體秧苗有序拋至本田中,實(shí)現(xiàn)了移栽過程中不傷根,帶孽移栽,具有緩苗快的優(yōu)勢(shì),可提高水稻5-7天的剩余期。
 
  三、農(nóng)機(jī)裝備檢修保養(yǎng)
 
  各地農(nóng)機(jī)推廣部門要主動(dòng)溝通協(xié)調(diào)好農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)銷企業(yè)、生產(chǎn)廠家和維修網(wǎng)點(diǎn),督促指導(dǎo)農(nóng)機(jī)戶、農(nóng)機(jī)合作社盡早開展各類春耕春播農(nóng)機(jī)裝備集中檢修和保養(yǎng)服務(wù),初次應(yīng)用大壟密植和水肥一體化等新技術(shù)及新購置機(jī)具裝備,要提前按作業(yè)要求調(diào)整機(jī)具,對(duì)現(xiàn)有農(nóng)機(jī)裝備及時(shí)進(jìn)行檢修保養(yǎng),排除機(jī)械故障,確保投入作業(yè)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備全部處于良好技術(shù)狀態(tài),以保障春耕春播需要。
 
  四、專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)
 
  各地充分利用各種培訓(xùn)資源和宣傳手段,圍繞糧食作物單產(chǎn)提升有針對(duì)性開展春季機(jī)耕、機(jī)播、機(jī)插等內(nèi)容理論培訓(xùn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)訓(xùn),突出新型職業(yè)農(nóng)民、農(nóng)機(jī)大戶和合作社經(jīng)理重點(diǎn)人群,培養(yǎng)一批能夠熟練掌握新技術(shù)新機(jī)具操作規(guī)程的技術(shù)骨干和作業(yè)機(jī)手,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)春耕春種期間作業(yè)質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí)積極引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民牢固樹立防災(zāi)減災(zāi)意識(shí),提高應(yīng)急處置能力,指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民預(yù)防初春“倒春寒”、干旱等災(zāi)害應(yīng)對(duì)方法。
 
  五、技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù)
 
  充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)機(jī)職業(yè)院校、農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)銷企業(yè)、農(nóng)機(jī)社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織、農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)服務(wù)專家及農(nóng)機(jī)一線“土專家”等專業(yè)化力量作用,在春耕春種期間定期在田間地頭巡回指導(dǎo)和蹲點(diǎn)服務(wù),示范推廣高產(chǎn)高效的農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)模式,引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民購置性能先進(jìn)的播種機(jī)、插秧機(jī),為后期創(chuàng)豐收奪高產(chǎn)提供有效技術(shù)支撐。同時(shí)各地要充分依托農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù)組織大型農(nóng)機(jī)裝備的作用,合理調(diào)配作業(yè)機(jī)具,積極開展代耕、托管等服務(wù),確保春耕生產(chǎn)有序進(jìn)行。
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