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2023-04-19 08:56:28 來源:山西省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展中心 閱讀量:17082 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:山西省農(nóng)機(jī)中心組織技術(shù)力量編制了《山西省大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)。

  晉農(nóng)機(jī)推一發(fā)[2023]8號(hào)
 
  各有關(guān)市、縣農(nóng)機(jī)(現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè))發(fā)展中心:
 
  為深入貫徹落實(shí)中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議、全國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳局長會(huì)議和省委農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議精神,繼續(xù)做好大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植(以下簡稱復(fù)合種植)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)裝備支撐,參照農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化總站印發(fā)的《大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引》要求,結(jié)合我省上年度復(fù)合種植生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,省農(nóng)機(jī)中心組織技術(shù)力量編制了《山西省大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們,請結(jié)合實(shí)際,因地制宜分區(qū)域、分模式細(xì)化復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)規(guī)范和操作規(guī)程,加強(qiáng)宣傳培訓(xùn),強(qiáng)化技術(shù)指導(dǎo),加快復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用。
 
  山西省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展中心
 
  2023年4月12日
 
  山西省大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引
 
  2023年,全省將繼續(xù)推廣大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)應(yīng)用。根據(jù)我省不同生態(tài)區(qū)的自然氣候和生態(tài)特點(diǎn),結(jié)合2022年復(fù)合種植機(jī)械化作業(yè)情況,建議推廣以“3+2”、“4+2”、“4+4”為主、其它模式補(bǔ)充的機(jī)械化作業(yè)模式。本指引以機(jī)械化播種、植保、收獲為重點(diǎn)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),提出了技術(shù)路線、技術(shù)要點(diǎn)、機(jī)具配套等作業(yè)要求,形成了一套比較完備的機(jī)械化工藝流程和裝備體系,加快推進(jìn)復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化發(fā)展。
 
  一、基本原則
 
  一是堅(jiān)持因地制宜,優(yōu)選高產(chǎn)模式。結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)匮b備情況、種植農(nóng)藝、氣候特點(diǎn)等因素,優(yōu)先選擇4+2、4+4等高產(chǎn)適用種植模式,并確定適宜的大豆和玉米種植參數(shù)。
 
  二是堅(jiān)持造改結(jié)合,加大裝備供給。堅(jiān)持“以機(jī)適藝”原則,且應(yīng)充分考慮生產(chǎn)條件和種植模式選擇適用機(jī)具機(jī)型,優(yōu)先選用復(fù)合種植專用機(jī)具,提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量;也可利用現(xiàn)有機(jī)具調(diào)整改造,彌補(bǔ)裝備空缺,但要確保改造到位,滿足復(fù)合種植要求。
 
  三是堅(jiān)持規(guī)范生產(chǎn),提高作業(yè)精度。在播種、植保、收獲等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),有條件的應(yīng)配置北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),提高作業(yè)精準(zhǔn)度,利于前后環(huán)節(jié)銜接,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)播種、分帶植保、對行收獲,減少損失并減輕機(jī)手勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
 
  二、技術(shù)路線
 
  復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)通過機(jī)械化精量播種、苗期綜合管理、低損收獲等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)集成配套,可降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高作業(yè)效率、實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)藝融合、協(xié)同高效。技術(shù)路線如下:
 
  圖1 大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)路線圖
 
  三、地頭規(guī)劃
 
  播種作業(yè)前,應(yīng)考慮大豆、玉米生育期,確定播種、收獲作業(yè)先后順序,并對播種作業(yè)路徑詳細(xì)規(guī)劃,妥善解決機(jī)具調(diào)頭轉(zhuǎn)彎問題。播種時(shí),留出地頭空間,地頭≥5米帶寬,如先收獲大豆,則地頭凈作大豆,反之,地頭凈作玉米;收獲時(shí),先收地頭,開辟出地頭空間,隨后可采用梭型收割法往復(fù)依次收割大豆和玉米。
 
  四、機(jī)械播種
 
  (一)品種選擇
 
  1.大豆應(yīng)選用耐蔭抗倒、宜機(jī)收的高產(chǎn)品種。
 
  北部春播區(qū)宜選用金豆一號(hào)、晉豆15號(hào)等。
 
  中南部春播區(qū)宜選用強(qiáng)峰一號(hào)、晉豆25號(hào)、汾豆98、東豆1號(hào)、中黃13、晉科5號(hào)、品豆24、晉豆19號(hào)、邯豆13、汾豆97、品豆20、齊黃34等。
 
  南部復(fù)播區(qū)宜選用晉豆25號(hào)、汾豆98、中黃13、品豆24、
 
  齊黃34等。
 
  2.玉米應(yīng)選用株型緊湊、植株清秀、株高中等、耐密抗倒、抗旱性強(qiáng)、易于機(jī)收的中高產(chǎn)品種。
 
  北部春播區(qū)宜選用君實(shí)618、瑞普686、瑞豐168等早熟品種。
 
  中南部春播區(qū)宜選用大豐26號(hào)、強(qiáng)盛199、龍生19號(hào)、潞玉1525、大槐99、太育9號(hào)等中晚熟品種。
 
  南部復(fù)播區(qū)宜選用偉玉178、東單1331、創(chuàng)玉120、豫豐98、九圣禾616、中科玉505、豫單9953等品種。
 
  (二)種床準(zhǔn)備
 
  可根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)卮蠖埂⒂衩壮R?guī)種植方式的整地措施進(jìn)行種床整備。南部復(fù)播區(qū),前茬作物留茬高度≤8cm,秸稈粉碎長度≤10cm,能滿足作業(yè)要求的不再進(jìn)行整地作業(yè),若否可選用帶清茬功能的播種機(jī)進(jìn)行滅茬播種。針對干旱地區(qū),若墑情適宜,應(yīng)立即搶墑播種,若墑情較差,要先造墑再播種。
 
  (三)適期播種
 
  具體播種時(shí)間需根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件、前茬作物收獲時(shí)間確定。
 
  北部春播區(qū),4月下旬視墑情擇機(jī)播種玉米,5月中旬擇機(jī)播種大豆;若大豆玉米于5月中旬同期播種,玉米需選擇生育期較短的品種。
 
  中南部春播區(qū),4月下旬到5月中旬視墑情擇機(jī)播種。大豆玉米同時(shí)播種,覆膜種植可選用大豆玉米鋪膜施肥播種機(jī);不覆膜種植可選用大豆玉米一體化精量播種機(jī)。
 
  南部復(fù)播區(qū),6月中下旬,可選用大豆玉米一體化精量播種機(jī),也可按需選用帶清茬功能的播種機(jī)。
 
  播前嚴(yán)格按照株行距要求調(diào)試播種檔位與施肥量(根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)胤柿虾空鬯銇碚{(diào)整施肥量),對機(jī)手作業(yè)進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),確保株距、行距和播深達(dá)到技術(shù)要求,有條件的地方,推薦采用水肥一體化技術(shù),播種時(shí)建議主機(jī)裝配北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)。
 
  (四)規(guī)范作業(yè)
 
  大面積作業(yè)前,應(yīng)進(jìn)行試播,查驗(yàn)播種作業(yè)質(zhì)量、調(diào)整機(jī)具參數(shù),播種深度和鎮(zhèn)壓強(qiáng)度應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤墑情變化適時(shí)調(diào)整。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)注意適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度,提高小穴距條件下播種作業(yè)質(zhì)量,一般勺輪式排種器作業(yè)速度為3—4km/h,指夾式為4—6 km/h,氣力式為6—8km/h,同時(shí)注意保持銜接行行距均勻一致,防止銜接行間距過寬或過窄。
 
  (五)技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
 
  推薦采用一體化播種機(jī)一次性完成大豆玉米復(fù)合種植,要求大豆播深3~4cm、玉米播深4~5cm、種肥間距10~15cm,玉米可單粒精播、大豆雙粒穴播提高頂土能力;大豆行距控制在30cm、玉米為40cm等行距或50-70-50cm寬窄行,大豆玉米帶間距60~70cm,大豆穴距(每穴2粒)14~20cm,玉米株距控制在10~14cm,大豆畝留苗數(shù)根據(jù)情況可控制在5500~8000株、玉米3800~4800株。施肥時(shí)應(yīng)注意大豆和玉米水肥需求不同,玉米與凈作模式相比,要提高施肥量;大豆應(yīng)控制施肥量,防止植株旺長不結(jié)莢。
 
  五、機(jī)械化田間管理
 
  (一)機(jī)械化除(控)草
 
  采取“封定結(jié)合”的雜草防除策略,即實(shí)施播后苗前土壤封閉處理和苗后定向莖葉噴藥相結(jié)合,采用苗前封閉除草,減輕苗后除草壓力;優(yōu)先選用大豆、玉米能同時(shí)噴施的除草劑。
 
  1.封閉除草:播種后2日內(nèi)選擇晴天無風(fēng)時(shí)段實(shí)施苗前封閉除草,選用精異丙甲草胺、異丙甲草胺、乙草胺等完成土壤封閉處理。
 
  2.苗期除草:在苗后玉米3—5葉期,大豆2—3片復(fù)葉期,雜草2—5葉期,選擇禾豆兼用型除草劑定向噴霧,選用噻吩磺隆等藥劑及其復(fù)配制劑防治反枝莧、藜、馬齒莧等闊葉雜草。噴藥除草可選用雙系統(tǒng)分帶噴施自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī)作業(yè),也可選用自走式單桿噴霧機(jī)或人工背負(fù)式噴霧器加裝定向噴頭和定向罩子,分別對著大豆帶或玉米帶噴藥,噴頭離地高度以噴藥霧滴不超出大豆帶或玉米帶為準(zhǔn)。
 
  (二)病蟲防治
 
  播種前大豆玉米種子實(shí)施拌種或包衣處理,防治地下害蟲和土傳病害。大豆玉米全生育期,根據(jù)病蟲預(yù)測或發(fā)生情況,選用相應(yīng)藥劑,可采用物理、生物與化學(xué)防治相結(jié)合的方法,優(yōu)先選用雙系統(tǒng)分條帶噴桿噴霧機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)對行及對靶噴霧作業(yè),減少藥液浪費(fèi)和污染。
 
  (三)化學(xué)控旺
 
  大豆在 3 葉期、5 葉期或初花期,玉米在 7—10 片葉,根據(jù)株高情況,采用自走式雙系統(tǒng)分帶噴桿噴霧機(jī)分別對大豆玉米定向噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑,控制株高增強(qiáng)抗倒能力。
 
  (四)水肥管理
 
  大豆玉米生長期應(yīng)根據(jù)田間土壤水分和生長情況加強(qiáng)水肥灌溉,有條件的地方可采用水肥一體化滴灌方式精準(zhǔn)灌溉施肥,確保密植玉米生長有足夠的水肥營養(yǎng)。遇澇及時(shí)開溝排水,排澇后應(yīng)及時(shí)在大豆帶和玉米帶之間采用施肥機(jī)追肥。
 
  六、機(jī)械化收獲
 
  (一)確定適宜收獲期
 
  1.大豆適宜收獲期。大豆適宜收獲時(shí)期是在黃熟期后至完熟期之間,此時(shí)大豆葉片脫落80%以上,莖稈變黃,豆莢和籽粒均呈現(xiàn)出原有品種的色澤,籽粒含水率下降到15%~25%,莖稈含水率為45%~55%,豆粒歸圓,植株變成黃褐色,莖和莢變成黃色,用手搖動(dòng)植株會(huì)發(fā)出清脆響聲。大豆收獲作業(yè)應(yīng)該選擇早、晚露水消退時(shí)間段進(jìn)行,避免產(chǎn)生“泥花臉”;應(yīng)避開中午高溫時(shí)段,避免收獲時(shí)炸莢造成損失。
 
  2.玉米適宜收獲期。玉米適宜收獲期在蠟熟末期至完熟初期,此時(shí)玉米植株的中、下部葉片變黃,基部葉片干枯,果穗變黃,苞葉干枯呈黃白色而松散,籽粒脫水變硬乳線消失,微干縮凹陷,籽?;?胚下端)出現(xiàn)黑帽層,并呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤。玉米收獲應(yīng)避開雨后,減少地面黏重對行進(jìn)的影響和果穗濕度大對剝皮、脫粒的影響。采用果穗收獲方式,玉米籽粒含水率一般為 25%~35%;采用籽粒直收方式,玉米籽粒含水率一般為15%~24%。
 
  (二)確定收獲方式及適宜機(jī)型
 
  1.先收大豆后收玉米方式。該方式適用于大豆先熟玉米晚熟地區(qū),一般地頭種大豆。作業(yè)時(shí),先選用適宜的窄幅大豆收獲機(jī)或經(jīng)調(diào)整改裝后的谷物收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行大豆收獲作業(yè),再選用對應(yīng)行數(shù)的玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè),針對2行玉米的種植模式,也可選用2行或2行以上的玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行減幅收獲。
 
  大豆收獲機(jī)機(jī)型應(yīng)根據(jù)大豆帶寬度和相鄰兩玉米帶間距選擇,輪式和履帶式均可,應(yīng)做到不漏收大豆、不碾壓或夾帶玉米植株。大豆收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)幅寬一般應(yīng)大于大豆帶寬度40cm(兩側(cè)各20cm),整機(jī)外廓尺寸應(yīng)小于相鄰兩玉米帶間距20cm(兩側(cè)各10cm)。以大豆帶和玉米帶間距70cm為例,“3+2”種植模式的大豆收獲機(jī)應(yīng)選擇1m≤幅寬<1.7m、整機(jī)寬度<1.8m;“4+2”種植模式的大豆收獲機(jī)應(yīng)選擇1.3m≤幅寬<2m、整機(jī)寬度<2.1m;“4+4”種植模式的大豆收獲機(jī)選擇應(yīng)與“4+2”模式相同。窄幅大豆收獲機(jī)應(yīng)裝配浮式仿形割臺(tái),幅寬2m以上大豆收獲機(jī)應(yīng)裝配專用撓性割臺(tái),割臺(tái)離地高度小于5cm,實(shí)現(xiàn)貼地收獲作業(yè),使低節(jié)位豆莢進(jìn)入割臺(tái),降低收獲損失率。
 
  玉米收獲時(shí),大豆已收獲完畢,玉米收獲機(jī)機(jī)型選擇范圍較大,可選用2行、4行玉米收獲機(jī)對行收獲;也可選用當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)玉米收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè),但會(huì)降低效率、增加能耗。
 
  2.先收玉米后收大豆方式。該方式適用于玉米先熟大豆晚熟地區(qū),一般地頭種玉米。作業(yè)時(shí),先選用對應(yīng)行數(shù)的玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè),此時(shí)受帶寬所限,不能采用常規(guī)玉米收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè),隨后再選用窄幅大豆收獲機(jī)或當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)大豆收獲機(jī)(割幅大于2m)進(jìn)行大豆收獲作業(yè)。
 
  玉米收獲機(jī)機(jī)型應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米帶的行數(shù)、行距和相鄰兩大豆帶之間的寬度選擇,輪式和履帶式均可,應(yīng)做到不碾壓或損傷大豆植株,以免造成炸莢、增加損失。玉米收獲機(jī)輪胎(履帶)外沿與大豆帶距離一般應(yīng)大于15cm。以大豆帶和玉米帶間距為70cm為例,“3+2”和“4+2”種植模式應(yīng)選擇輪胎(履帶)外側(cè)間距<1.5m、整機(jī)寬度<1.8m的2行玉米收獲機(jī);“4+4”種植模式應(yīng)選擇輪胎(履帶)外側(cè)間距<2.3m、整機(jī)寬度<2.9m的4行玉米收獲機(jī)。
 
  大豆收獲時(shí),玉米已收獲完畢,大豆收獲機(jī)機(jī)型選擇范圍較大,可選用幅寬與大豆帶寬相匹配的大豆收獲機(jī),幅寬一般應(yīng)大于大豆帶寬40cm,避免漏收;也可選用當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)大豆收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè),但會(huì)降低效率、增加能耗。
 
  3.大豆玉米分步同時(shí)收獲方式。該方式適用于大豆玉米同期成熟地區(qū)。作業(yè)時(shí),對大豆、玉米收獲順序沒有要求,一般地頭種哪種作物就先收那種作物。分別選用大豆收獲機(jī)和玉米收獲機(jī)前后布局,輪流收獲大豆和玉米,依次作業(yè)。因作業(yè)時(shí)一側(cè)作物已經(jīng)收獲,對機(jī)型外廓尺寸、輪距等要求降低,可根據(jù)大豆種植幅寬和玉米行數(shù)選用幅寬匹配的機(jī)型,也可選用常規(guī)收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè),但會(huì)降低效率、增加能耗。
 
  (三)減損收獲作業(yè)
 
  1.合理作業(yè)速度。作業(yè)速度應(yīng)根據(jù)種植模式、收獲機(jī)匹配程度確定,禁止為追求作業(yè)效率而降低作業(yè)質(zhì)量。對于大豆先收方式,大豆收獲作業(yè)速度應(yīng)低于傳統(tǒng)凈作,一般控制在3—6km/h,可選用Ⅱ擋,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速保持在額定轉(zhuǎn)速,不能低轉(zhuǎn)速下作業(yè)。若播種和收獲環(huán)節(jié)均采用北斗導(dǎo)航或輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),收獲作業(yè)速度可提高至4—8km/h。玉米收獲時(shí),兩側(cè)大豆已收獲完,可按正常作業(yè)速度行駛。
 
  對于玉米先收方式,受兩側(cè)大豆植株以及玉米種植密度高的影響,玉米收獲作業(yè)速度應(yīng)低于傳統(tǒng)凈作,一般控制在3—5km/h。如采用行距大于55cm的玉米收獲機(jī),或種植行距寬窄不一、地形起伏不定、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時(shí),應(yīng)降低作業(yè)速度,避免損失率增大。大豆收獲時(shí),兩側(cè)玉米已收獲完,可按正常作業(yè)速度行駛。
 
  2.駕駛操作規(guī)范。大豆收獲時(shí),應(yīng)以不漏收豆莢為原則,控制好大豆收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)高度,盡量放低割臺(tái),將割茬降至4—8cm,避免漏收低節(jié)位豆莢。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)將大豆帶保持在幅寬中間位置,并直線行駛,避免漏收大豆或碾壓、夾帶玉米植株。應(yīng)及時(shí)停車觀察糧倉中大豆清潔度和尾篩排出秸稈夾帶損失率,并適時(shí)調(diào)整風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)量。
 
  玉米收獲時(shí),應(yīng)對行收獲,保證割道與玉米帶平行,且收獲機(jī)輪胎(履帶)要在大豆帶和玉米帶間空隙的中間,避免碾壓兩側(cè)大豆。玉米先收時(shí),應(yīng)確保玉米秸稈不拋灑在大豆帶,提高大豆收獲機(jī)通過性和作業(yè)清潔度。
 
  七、北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用
 
  (一)系統(tǒng)選擇
 
  根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄎ换?、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào)、地塊坡度、擴(kuò)展性等因素,選擇配置適用的北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)。在地面坡度較大時(shí),優(yōu)先選擇雙定位天線或具備位置與姿態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)妮o助駕駛系統(tǒng)。可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要,選擇支持?jǐn)U展精量播種、變量施肥、精準(zhǔn)噴霧等功能的輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)。
 
  (二)安裝與調(diào)試
 
  應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照使用說明書進(jìn)行安裝。安裝時(shí),如拖拉機(jī)無駕駛室,應(yīng)采取防護(hù)措施,避免車載顯控終端暴曬或淋雨。安裝完成后,應(yīng)按照使用說明書設(shè)置參數(shù),并選擇合適地塊進(jìn)行作業(yè)調(diào)試,確保直線度精度和銜接行精度符合作業(yè)要求。
 
  (三)規(guī)范作業(yè)
 
  1.檢驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)。系統(tǒng)開機(jī)后,查看車載顯控終端,確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)各部件狀態(tài)正常,如出現(xiàn)故障提示,需要首先進(jìn)行故障排除。
 
  2.確認(rèn)差分定位。查看車載顯控終端,確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)處于定位差分狀態(tài)。如未處于差分定位狀態(tài),可檢查網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào),選擇合適的網(wǎng)絡(luò)基站或電臺(tái)基站。
 
  3.設(shè)置作業(yè)參數(shù)。根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,設(shè)置作業(yè)幅寬。應(yīng)盡量確保播種機(jī)掛接在中間位置,如出現(xiàn)少量偏移,可設(shè)置機(jī)具偏移參數(shù)進(jìn)行校正。
 
  4.設(shè)置導(dǎo)航線。導(dǎo)航線的設(shè)置要根據(jù)不用地塊選用合理的定點(diǎn)方式。在植保、收獲作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),可直接使用分享導(dǎo)航線功能,直接導(dǎo)入前一個(gè)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的導(dǎo)航線。
 
  5.檢查作業(yè)精度。啟動(dòng)輔助駕駛功能,往復(fù)作業(yè)2—3次,停車查驗(yàn)作業(yè)精度是否符合作業(yè)要求,如誤差較大,需按照使用說明進(jìn)行調(diào)試,作業(yè)精度符合作業(yè)要求后,方可進(jìn)行大面積作業(yè)。
 
  6.安全規(guī)范作業(yè)。輔助駕駛作業(yè)過程中,應(yīng)隨時(shí)注意觀察車載顯控終端提示信息,出現(xiàn)作業(yè)精度不符合要求或故障提示,應(yīng)及時(shí)停車檢查,下車前應(yīng)解除輔助駕駛功能。
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