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胡椒初加工機械系列及熱帶作物施肥一體機等團體標準立項

2022-10-25 15:28:41 來源：中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械流通協(xié)會標準部 閱讀量：12048 評論

導讀：胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)有“香料之王”的美譽，原產(chǎn)于印度西南海岸的熱帶雨林。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 政策與標準】胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)有“香料之王”的美譽，原產(chǎn)于印度西南海岸的熱帶雨林，廣泛分布于熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū)。越南、巴西、印度尼西亞、印度、中國、馬來西亞是胡椒的主產(chǎn)國家，在我國主要分布于海南、廣東和云南等地。胡椒是重要的熱帶農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，全球年消耗量在35萬噸以上，我國年需量在3.5萬至4萬噸之間，主要用于調(diào)味品、食品添加劑、醫(yī)藥等領域，其中最主要的成品為白胡椒。
 
　　鮮胡椒從樹上摘下來后，要經(jīng)過脫粒、脫皮、晾干才能變成人們常見的胡椒粒。胡椒脫粒是胡椒初加工環(huán)節(jié)中較為關鍵的一環(huán)。隨著當前行業(yè)發(fā)展，胡椒的脫粒技術水平不斷提高，胡椒的脫粒新技術得到應用和推廣。但是在脫粒環(huán)節(jié)中，由于采用的措施與方法繁多，導致脫粒技術術語等方面出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容重疊、定義重復，相關企業(yè)在加工生產(chǎn)該機械時產(chǎn)生矛盾，導致胡椒脫粒機械化發(fā)展不平衡。上述問題皆是由于缺少相關標準與規(guī)范所導致的。為了促進胡椒脫粒機械的發(fā)展，應繼續(xù)完善該行業(yè)的標準體系。
 
　　現(xiàn)有的胡椒脫皮方法主要有傳統(tǒng)水浸泡法、化學脫皮法、生物酶法和機械脫皮法四種。機械脫皮法采用脫皮部件與胡椒果粒相互摩擦作用的方式進行脫皮，但工藝需按照脫粒(人工或機械法)、風機去梗、青熟果粒分選、熟化、脫皮、機械漂洗、干燥、除雜、分級等流程才能得到品質(zhì)較佳的成品，過程涉及的設備較多，工況復雜，成本較高，同時還存在因操作不當導致的脫皮不徹底、果核破損率高和浪費較嚴重等問題。該法已經(jīng)成為胡椒初加工的主流模式，但與現(xiàn)有的自營農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種植和管理模式還不相符，急需通過標準發(fā)揮行業(yè)推廣作用。
 
　　在白胡椒生產(chǎn)過程中，熟化也是很重要的一個步驟。這個過程需要相應的對胡椒鮮果粒進行熟化的設備，即熟化機。但由于胡椒熟化的過程受到多種因素的影響，存在熟化過熟或不熟的現(xiàn)象，造成熟化效率低，影響脫皮效果，因此急需一個新的標準來對胡椒加工過程提供技術指導。其中，胡椒熟化所需的蒸汽發(fā)生器標準是企業(yè)加工胡椒的重要依據(jù)，是保證胡椒質(zhì)量，提高胡椒市場競爭力的前提條件，同時也是生產(chǎn)技術和生產(chǎn)能力的綜合反映，同樣需要進行標準化，以完善和制定標準發(fā)揮行業(yè)推廣作用。
 
　　有鑒于此，中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械流通協(xié)會對胡椒初加工機械——胡椒鮮果脫粒機、胡椒鮮果脫皮機、胡椒熟化機和胡椒初加工機械(配套) 胡椒熟化蒸汽發(fā)生器等機械和配套設備進行團體標準立項。擬共同起草的單位包括中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)機械研究所、海南省農(nóng)業(yè)機械鑒定推廣站、昆明康立信電子機械有限公司、海南星匯達現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技有限公司等。
 
　　熱帶作物是適于熱帶地區(qū)栽培的各類經(jīng)濟作物的總稱，在中國通常指在熱帶地區(qū)栽種的特種經(jīng)濟作物，種植范圍主要在廣東、海南、廣西、云南 、福建、中國臺灣等省(自治區(qū))，我國熱帶作物種植面積約占全國土地面積的5%，世界面積的1%。熱帶作物是我國重要的經(jīng)濟作物和特有資源，也是我國熱帶地區(qū)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，在推進熱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)結構調(diào)整、增加農(nóng)民收入等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。
 
　　熱帶作物常為多年生植物，種植方式多為行植且行距較大，受高溫高濕等環(huán)境影響，往往需要在不同農(nóng)藝環(huán)節(jié)、不同齡期進行多次施肥以達到茁壯成長和高產(chǎn)的目的。根據(jù)種植農(nóng)藝的需求，肥料的施撒方式多以開溝后施肥覆土的模式進行，目的是進行須根培育以實現(xiàn)養(yǎng)分吸收。因熱帶作物地表多以藤類雜草為主，為便于施肥機械化管理，施肥以刮板式切藤開溝施肥一體化技術為主。中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械流通協(xié)會對刮板式切藤開溝施肥一體機團體標準進行立項，擬共同起草的單位包括中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)機械研究所、華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學、海南省農(nóng)業(yè)機械鑒定推廣站、徐聞曲界友好農(nóng)具廠、廣東農(nóng)墾友好農(nóng)場有限公司等。

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