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2021年南方早稻育插秧技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)

2021-03-29 10:46:55 來(lái)源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部水稻專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組 全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：15998 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：針對(duì)當(dāng)前氣候特點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部水稻專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，提出南方早稻育插秧技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)，以培育壯秧為中心、適時(shí)移栽為重點(diǎn)，確保插足插好，為奪取早稻豐收夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】“春分”已過(guò)，南方早稻播種、育秧、移栽陸續(xù)展開(kāi)。3月中旬以來(lái)，我國(guó)南方大部分地區(qū)氣溫較常年同期偏高，利于早稻生產(chǎn)。據(jù)氣象預(yù)報(bào)，3月下旬至4月上旬南方氣候多變，氣溫起伏大，局部地區(qū)可能出現(xiàn)“倒春寒”，給早稻生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)不利影響。針對(duì)當(dāng)前氣候特點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部水稻專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，提出南方早稻育插秧技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)，以培育壯秧為中心、適時(shí)移栽為重點(diǎn)，確保插足插好，為奪取早稻豐收夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　一是優(yōu)選良種，適時(shí)播種。“秧好半年稻”，要把培育壯秧作為早稻生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)尚未播種的田塊，要選擇優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗逆性強(qiáng)的品種，播前浸種催芽，有條件的地方提倡大棚集中育秧，提高秧苗質(zhì)量，確保培育壯秧。露天或田間覆蓋育秧要密切關(guān)注氣象預(yù)報(bào)，當(dāng)日均溫度穩(wěn)定通過(guò)12℃時(shí)避開(kāi)強(qiáng)降雨和降溫時(shí)段，抓住“冷尾暖頭”搶時(shí)播種。長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)早稻要在3月底前完成播種，做到適期播種。對(duì)無(wú)法及時(shí)播種的田塊，選用短生育期品種，確保雙季晚稻安全生產(chǎn)。
 
　　二是以水調(diào)溫，抗寒保苗。近期南方部分地區(qū)氣溫波動(dòng)較大，要密切關(guān)注天氣變化，加強(qiáng)已播秧田防寒工作。如遇低溫，未蓋膜的要提早加蓋小拱棚或大棚等防寒保溫，并采取“夜灌日排、晴排雨灌”等方式，調(diào)節(jié)秧田水熱狀況，防止?fàn)€種爛秧，確保秧苗質(zhì)量。
 
　　三是科學(xué)調(diào)控，培育壯秧。播種至1葉期，秧田以密封保溫為主，棚內(nèi)溫度控制在30—35℃，促進(jìn)芽谷迅速扎根扶針，期間保持廂面濕潤(rùn)；如遇持續(xù)晴日高溫(膜內(nèi)≥35℃)，要揭開(kāi)膜兩頭通風(fēng)降溫，防止高溫?zé)?；如遇長(zhǎng)時(shí)間陰雨天氣，每隔3—5天中午揭開(kāi)膜兩頭通風(fēng)換氣1次，降低棚內(nèi)濕度。1葉1心至2葉1心期，棚內(nèi)溫度控制在26—32℃，高于32℃要在晴天上午或陰天下午采取兩頭揭開(kāi)、日揭夜蓋等通風(fēng)煉苗；如天氣由持續(xù)陰雨突然轉(zhuǎn)晴，應(yīng)先通風(fēng)煉苗再揭膜，切忌突然揭膜，盲目施尿素等速效肥。3葉1心期，日揭夜蓋，不宜撤膜太早。移栽前5—7天視苗色用1%-2%的尿素溶液淋施“送嫁肥”，施后加淋一次清水或移栽前3—5天施起身肥，一般畝秧田施4—5公斤尿素。對(duì)長(zhǎng)勢(shì)偏弱的秧苗，適當(dāng)增施磷鉀肥，保持水分平衡，促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。
 
　　四是分類(lèi)指導(dǎo)，適時(shí)移栽。當(dāng)日平均氣溫穩(wěn)定通過(guò)15℃時(shí)，搶晴插秧，華南地區(qū)爭(zhēng)取“清明”前后完成移栽。對(duì)機(jī)插田塊要提高耕整田質(zhì)量，適時(shí)早插，增加密度，秧齡一般20天左右，最長(zhǎng)不超過(guò)25天，宜選用25厘米行距的插秧機(jī)，畝栽插2萬(wàn)穴以上。對(duì)手插或拋栽田塊要保證栽插密度，提高均勻度，秧齡一般25—30天，高產(chǎn)田塊畝栽插2萬(wàn)—2.5萬(wàn)穴，雜交稻每穴2—3本苗，常規(guī)稻每穴5—6本苗，畝基本苗分別達(dá)到5—6萬(wàn)和10—12萬(wàn)。
 
　　五是加強(qiáng)管理，平衡生長(zhǎng)。栽插后要根據(jù)基本苗數(shù)、栽插密度、秧苗生長(zhǎng)狀況及天氣變化，強(qiáng)化田間分類(lèi)管理，采取活棵后輕露田、早施分蘗肥等措施，促早發(fā)快發(fā)。對(duì)基本苗不足、秧苗素質(zhì)偏弱的田塊，應(yīng)適當(dāng)增施分蘗肥，增加分蘗苗數(shù)、提高分蘗成穗率。栽插后如遇低溫陰雨，要灌水護(hù)苗，推遲分蘗肥施用，增強(qiáng)抗低溫能力，待天晴后及時(shí)排水、補(bǔ)施增施分蘗肥，適量增施磷鉀肥。

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