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保護(hù)性耕作被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)，如何運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段？

2020-03-20 16:46:54 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：44213 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：從國(guó)家層面制定行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，將東北地區(qū)推行保護(hù)性耕作上升為國(guó)家行動(dòng)，保護(hù)性耕作真正被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)制定中。在上期文章《春耕備耕熱潮到來(lái)，保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)》中我們簡(jiǎn)單介紹了保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，今天我們繼續(xù)來(lái)談?wù)勂錂C(jī)械化發(fā)展方向。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】當(dāng)前，東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作被提升到國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略層面，黑龍江省將保護(hù)性耕作重點(diǎn)放在解決機(jī)械化秸稈還田耕種上，在全省快速形成保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣勢(shì)頭?！稏|北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作國(guó)家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2020—2025年)》更是提出力爭(zhēng)到2025年，保護(hù)性耕作實(shí)施面積達(dá)到1.4億畝，占東北地區(qū)適宜區(qū)域耕地總面積的70%左右，形成較為完善的保護(hù)性耕作政策支持體系、技術(shù)裝備體系和推廣應(yīng)用體系。
 
　　從國(guó)家層面制定行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，將東北地區(qū)推行保護(hù)性耕作上升為國(guó)家行動(dòng)，保護(hù)性耕作真正被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)制定中。在上期文章《春耕備耕熱潮到來(lái)，保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)》中我們簡(jiǎn)單介紹了保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，今天我們繼續(xù)來(lái)談?wù)勂錂C(jī)械化發(fā)展方向。
 
　　保護(hù)性耕作的核心技術(shù)包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農(nóng)田土壤表面耕作技術(shù)及其配套的專(zhuān)用機(jī)具，因此，如何運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段解決東北黑土地保護(hù)問(wèn)題正是我們所值得思考的。
 
　　“不管黑貓白貓，能捉老鼠的就是好貓。”
 
　　“不管黑貓白貓，能捉老鼠的就是好貓。”農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械同樣如此，機(jī)械沒(méi)有好惡，終使用結(jié)果如何決定權(quán)還是捏在我們?nèi)祟?lèi)手上。
 
　　隨著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械作業(yè)逐漸普及，大量農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)備在田間地頭出現(xiàn)，對(duì)農(nóng)田土壤的碾壓難免造成土壤形成機(jī)械性壓實(shí)，直接導(dǎo)致土壤自身密度增加、空隙減少、整體結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變，嚴(yán)重的還會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤自身養(yǎng)分的成效降低，不利于農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)。而一些達(dá)到報(bào)廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卻仍在使用的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械存在農(nóng)用油料“泄露、跑、散”的問(wèn)題，其燃燒后超標(biāo)準(zhǔn)廢氣的排放，均會(huì)對(duì)水源和土壤環(huán)境造成污染。
 
　　以集成秸稈還田覆蓋、少免耕精量播種、高效植保和深松等技術(shù)為核心的保護(hù)性耕作機(jī)械卻恰恰相反。
 
　　它們?cè)谝欢ǔ潭壬蠝p少了對(duì)土壤的耕作次數(shù)或耕作面積，避免了大面積翻耕、旋耕后土壤水分散發(fā)和風(fēng)蝕的發(fā)生，降低了土壤侵蝕；而作物根茬、秸稈以及綠色植被覆蓋又能有效地減少地表裸露，降低土壤水分蒸發(fā)和水土流失，提高土壤蓄水保墑能力同時(shí)改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)；秸稈、殘茬覆蓋及配套水肥調(diào)控技術(shù)，能夠及時(shí)減少傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)在處理作物秸稈時(shí)采用焚燒的辦法造成的大氣污染，同時(shí)也減少火災(zāi)的發(fā)生，降低化肥、農(nóng)藥用量過(guò)大對(duì)地下水和土壤的污染。
 
　　保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系：抗旱增收和保水保土
 
　　我們此前就曾談到過(guò)保護(hù)性耕作是通過(guò)少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術(shù)及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施，從而減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕，保護(hù)農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境，并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及社會(huì)效益協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。其在蓄水保墑、培肥地力、節(jié)本增效、減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境等方面具有顯著成效，因此，保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系的制訂也要以實(shí)現(xiàn)抗旱增收和保水保土為目標(biāo)，以秸稈根茬覆蓋、免耕播種為核心。
 
　　在上期文章發(fā)布后，有網(wǎng)友留言：“犁翻易打破土壤犁底層，還容易改變田園表面平整度，反而增加了耕作次數(shù)，催生了耕作成本，偏離科學(xué)合理選擇。”那么，打破土壤犁底層到底是利是弊呢？
 
　　據(jù)介紹，農(nóng)田犁底層一般在土壤表層以下20至25厘米處，層厚6至12厘米。對(duì)耕作土壤來(lái)說(shuō)，具有不太厚的犁底層對(duì)保持養(yǎng)分，保存水分還是非常有益的。但是由于長(zhǎng)年施用化肥農(nóng)藥，多數(shù)農(nóng)田土層板結(jié)堅(jiān)硬致使犁底層過(guò)厚且堅(jiān)實(shí)，不僅嚴(yán)重影響到土壤透水、透氣性能，對(duì)物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)移和能量的傳遞、作物根系下伸都非常不利。因此，才需要深松整地機(jī)械打破堅(jiān)硬的犁底層，增加耕作層厚度，提高土壤通透性，從而增強(qiáng)土壤蓄水保墑和抗旱防澇能力。
 
　　值得注意的是，保護(hù)性耕作還需要盡可能地減少機(jī)械作業(yè)，而深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)可一次能完成滅茬、深松、碎土及鎮(zhèn)壓等聯(lián)合作業(yè)。此外，為減少對(duì)土壤的耕翻作業(yè)，休閑期，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減少動(dòng)土，好免耕；播種期，選用適用的免耕播種機(jī)則是保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)示范推廣的重要一環(huán)。作物收獲后，還需要注意留根茬及秸稈還田覆蓋，以根茬固土，秸稈覆蓋能夠減少風(fēng)蝕和土壤水分的蒸發(fā)。
 
　　小結(jié)：只有當(dāng)我們了解了保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系的制訂原則，才能夠選用更加合適的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械，運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段解決土地保護(hù)問(wèn)題。
 
　　那么，有哪些利器能夠有效減輕土壤風(fēng)蝕水蝕、增加土壤肥力和保墑抗旱能力、提高農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益呢？秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)、免耕播種機(jī)、深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)……詳情請(qǐng)繼續(xù)關(guān)注農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)。

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