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日本耕地少，為何農(nóng)機化水平高于我國？

2018-07-26 14:40:09 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：40048 評論

導讀：前段時間小編整理了有關部分發(fā)達國家農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展的情況（詳情點擊：反思：對比發(fā)達國家農(nóng)機化找差距），如美國、加拿大、澳大利亞等，無疑都地廣人稀，土地高度集中的優(yōu)勢對實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)高度機械化非常有利。本文將重點介紹日本的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展情況，日本國土面積小，人口密度大，和我們一樣，人均耕地面積小，但日本的農(nóng)業(yè)比我國發(fā)達，農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平也遠高于我國。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 前段時間小編整理了有關部分發(fā)達國家農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展的情況(詳情點擊：反思：對比發(fā)達國家農(nóng)機化找差距)，如美國、加拿大、澳大利亞等，無疑都地廣人稀，土地高度集中的優(yōu)勢對實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)高度機械化非常有利。本文將重點介紹日本的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展情況，日本國土面積小，人口密度大，和我們一樣，人均耕地面積小，但日本的農(nóng)業(yè)比我國發(fā)達，農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平也遠高于我國。
 
　　日本耕地面積少，全國人均耕地只有0.044公頃，按農(nóng)業(yè)人口計算人均占有耕地僅0.274公頃，產(chǎn)值占種植業(yè)(水稻、小麥、蔬菜、水果等總產(chǎn)值)的47%，田間作業(yè)從耕整地、插秧、植保、收獲等全部實現(xiàn)了機械化。1996年，日本的水稻聯(lián)合收割機收獲達到了機收的85%(其余為割捆機收)。水稻育秧、插秧、半喂入聯(lián)合收獲機居水平。日本能在水稻育秧、移栽方面很快實現(xiàn)機械化，有賴于高度重視農(nóng)藝和農(nóng)機的有機結合和高度發(fā)達的工業(yè)所提供的高質量設備。
 
　　除水稻生產(chǎn)外，日本的奶牛飼養(yǎng)、肉牛和養(yǎng)雞、養(yǎng)豬業(yè)也都實現(xiàn)了集約化與機械化；設施農(nóng)業(yè)如日光溫室也很發(fā)達，溫室內(nèi)溫度、濕度、通風等自動控制，花卉、蔬菜、養(yǎng)菇等廣泛采用溫室栽培，室內(nèi)作業(yè)小型機械齊全，機械化程度也較高。
 
　　除此之外，日本對漁業(yè)也非常重視，在大力發(fā)展遠洋捕撈與加工的同時，特別重視開發(fā)和利用沿海水域資源。1976—1982年日本政府共投資2000億日元，設置漁礁、建造養(yǎng)殖和保護沿海漁場，這些措施有力地保護了近海漁場和沿海漁業(yè)資源，使沿海漁產(chǎn)品和遠洋捕撈得到了同時發(fā)展，在海洋漁業(yè)方面居世界前列。
 
　　日本農(nóng)業(yè)的另一大亮點是“都市農(nóng)業(yè)”。都市農(nóng)業(yè)簡單地來講，就是在城市里種地。比如在人口密集的東京，利用高層大廈樓頂和地下室種植農(nóng)作物。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，日本有四分之一的農(nóng)民，都是城市農(nóng)民，而且城市農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)量，已經(jīng)占到了總產(chǎn)量的三分之一。
 
　　狹小的國土面積讓日本農(nóng)民發(fā)展出了自己的農(nóng)業(yè)種植方式。自20世紀50年代中后期,日本經(jīng)濟迅速崛起,振興重工產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的政策方針促成了大規(guī)模的城市化進程急劇且無序地擴張,終形成了以東京為中心的首都圈、以名古屋為中心的中部圈和以大阪為中心的近畿圈的三大都市圈。伴隨城市化進程的加劇,分布在都市圈內(nèi)各大城市周邊的都市近郊農(nóng)業(yè)被城市包圍,面積不斷縮小,形成了“都市農(nóng)業(yè)”這種新型農(nóng)業(yè)形態(tài)。
 
　　日本的都市農(nóng)業(yè)有很鮮明的特點，一是靈活運用土地，日本很多都市農(nóng)業(yè)用地存在于高樓大廈之間，小塊、分散型的土地利用方式是日本都市農(nóng)業(yè)的主要特點之一；二是產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，日本都市農(nóng)業(yè)通過改變粗放型、兼業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)力式，向機械化、良種化、專業(yè)化、規(guī)?；跒橐惑w的生產(chǎn)方式發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，從而解決了經(jīng)營面積過小，生產(chǎn)效益過低的問題。
 
　　中國雖然國土面積廣闊，但目前小規(guī)模的土地經(jīng)營還是占大多數(shù)，和日本情況相似，但日本農(nóng)業(yè)的機械化對小規(guī)模經(jīng)營的適應力卻很強，其中的經(jīng)驗或可借鑒一二。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：農(nóng)資天下、農(nóng)業(yè)趣事，如有侵權或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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