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從 “菜園子”到“菜籃子”:亟需實現(xiàn)蔬菜生產機械化
2018-07-03
08:46:58
來源:中國農機網整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:23966
評論
導讀:自上世紀80年代我國實施“菜籃子”工程以來,蔬菜產業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展,目前已是種植業(yè)中僅次于糧食的第二大農作物。我國蔬菜生產一直是一項勞動密集型產業(yè),勞動力成本占蔬菜生產成本的50%以上。目前,約有60%蔬菜是采用育苗移栽方式種植的,并且,移栽作業(yè)仍以人工為主。采用人工移栽,勞動強度大,作業(yè)效率低,難以實現(xiàn)大面積移栽,從而導致生產規(guī)模小,生產效益低下,制約了蔬菜生產的發(fā)展。因此,我國蔬菜生產亟需實現(xiàn)
【中國農機網 地方農機】 自上世紀80年代我國實施“菜籃子”工程以來,蔬菜產業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展,目前已是種植業(yè)中僅次于糧食的第二大農作物。我國蔬菜生產一直是一項勞動密集型產業(yè),勞動力成本占蔬菜生產成本的50%以上。目前,約有60%蔬菜是采用育苗移栽方式種植的,并且,移栽作業(yè)仍以人工為主。采用人工移栽,勞動強度大,作業(yè)效率低,難以實現(xiàn)大面積移栽,從而導致生產規(guī)模小,生產效益低下,制約了蔬菜生產的發(fā)展。因此,我國蔬菜生產亟需實現(xiàn)機械化生產。
北京市:已實現(xiàn)蔬菜全程機械化
日前,在北京市延慶區(qū)廣積屯村的一塊甘藍菜田上,轟轟地駛過一輛又一輛蔬菜育苗
移栽機。令人驚喜的是,這些機器不光是有人駕駛,有的還是無人駕駛,依靠著北斗衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)完成了作業(yè)。這些先進的移栽作業(yè)機械,展示北京市已實現(xiàn)蔬菜全程機械化作業(yè)。
據(jù)了解,早在2016年,北京市農業(yè)機械試驗鑒定推廣站就以全市生產面積較大的露地甘藍為切入點,在全國開展了露地甘藍生產全程機械化技術集成與規(guī)?;a示范。2017年北京市以露地蔬菜生產為突破口,開展露地蔬菜生產全程機械化推進行動,探索蔬菜生產機械化解決方案。與此同時,開展露地春白菜、西藍花、生菜、胡蘿卜、馬鈴薯的全程機械化生產試驗,及露地菜心、油菜花等作物的精量直播試驗,探索以耕整地、播種、田間管理、收獲為主要內容的機械化生產技術,拓展露地蔬菜全程機械化生產技術內容。
北京市通過開展露地蔬菜全程機械化生產技術的探索,達到了提高作業(yè)效率和作業(yè)質量、降低勞動強度的效果,為適宜地區(qū)露地蔬菜專業(yè)化、規(guī)?;C械化生產奠定了基礎,為推進農業(yè)生產“機器換人”提供了技術裝備支撐,將逐步加快推廣。
浙江湖州:蔬菜產業(yè)機器換人
旋耕機、
微耕機輪番上陣,一塊塊農田瞬間完成翻耕、起壟,自走式蔬菜移栽機不一會兒將兩行蔬菜栽插完畢,無人機自如地低旋在田地上方噴灑農藥……近日,在湖州市農業(yè)科學研究院試驗基地召開的全市蔬菜產業(yè)“機器換人”現(xiàn)場會上,來自全國各地11家企業(yè)的30多種農用機上演了一番“機器大作戰(zhàn)”,令在場觀摩者目不暇接,連連叫好。
近年來,湖州市蔬菜已成為僅次于糧食作物的第二大農作物。但蔬菜品種多、季節(jié)茬口復雜,蔬菜產業(yè)機械化總體水平較低。為加快蔬菜“機器換人”,市農機推廣站邀請全市蔬菜種植大戶、農機專業(yè)合作社負責人現(xiàn)場觀摩蔬菜產業(yè)農機演示。演示的這些農機,在蔬菜耕作、栽植、施肥、植保、收獲、包裝等各個環(huán)節(jié),均表現(xiàn)出省時省力、生態(tài)的非凡身手。
湖州市農機推廣站站長陳楊表示,湖州市將加快引進推廣蔬菜生產各環(huán)節(jié)所需的機械裝備,推進蔬菜生產農機農藝融合,加快培育新型農機社會化服務主體,提高全市蔬菜生產“機器換人”的水平。
江蘇南京:開展農業(yè)示范區(qū)著力推進蔬菜生產機械化
為推進南京市設施農業(yè)“機器換人”工程實施,促進全市設施蔬菜生產機械化水平提升,從3月起南京市農業(yè)機械技術推廣站聯(lián)合相關單位在江寧谷里現(xiàn)代農業(yè)示范區(qū)開展設施蔬菜生產機械化技術試驗示范。
谷里現(xiàn)代農業(yè)示范區(qū)共有土地面積2萬余畝,蔬菜生產面積在1萬畝以上。近年來,園區(qū)設施蔬菜生產得到省、市、區(qū)農業(yè)主管部門及谷里街道黨委政府的高度重視,機械化水平快速提升。近三年,園區(qū)依托各類項目的實施共投入300多萬元,引進各類蔬菜生產加工機械設備30多臺套(包括前茬處理機、撒肥機、耕整機、起壟機、直播機、節(jié)水灌溉設備、植保機、開溝培土機、收獲機、搬運機、整理機、打捆機以及蔬菜育苗播種流水線、激光平地機、去石機、深耕機等機械設備),專門成立了蔬菜機械化生產作業(yè)服務隊,推進蔬菜機械化生產取得明顯成效。
結語
蔬菜機械不僅是勞動力的替代,也是作業(yè)精細,大幅度提高生產效率和綠色環(huán)保、生態(tài)友好的代名詞;蔬菜生產機械化,有利于提高勞動生產率和土地產出率,促進農產品生產專業(yè)化、區(qū)域化發(fā)展;同時對于利用資源、抗御自然災害、推廣現(xiàn)代農業(yè)技術、促進農業(yè)集約經營、增加單產與總產、提高農業(yè)勞動生產率、降低農產品成本,以及對于減輕農民勞動強度和縮小工農差別,都有著重大的作用。
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