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對中藥材機械化發(fā)展的展望
2018-01-30
16:15:37
來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 閱讀量:24530
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導(dǎo)讀:近年來,中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛,在山西、甘肅、安徽等地,相比糧食作物,中藥材是其主要的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè),但是其機械化水平與糧食作物相比還有很大差距。
【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 近年來,中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛,在山西、甘肅、安徽等地,相比糧食作物,中藥材是其主要的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè),但是其機械化水平與糧食作物相比還有很大差距。
中藥材機械化發(fā)展的短板
中藥材品種繁多,播種采收要求各異,是種植機化的一個突出矛盾。王衛(wèi)權(quán)表示,要實現(xiàn)機械化播種,需要根據(jù)不同作物種子的千粒重、形狀,以及株行距、播種量、畝保苗株數(shù)、播種深度等進行
播種機的研究改造,還要考慮到穴播、條播、種植密度、播種深度等問題。如貝母的播種,黨參、當(dāng)歸的育苗播種,目前只能人工進行。在采收環(huán)節(jié),像枸杞、菊花等采摘果實、花、葉類的中藥材,機械化很難實施。
中藥材機械化設(shè)備研制成本相對較高,也是一個現(xiàn)實問題。針對枸杞等果實類藥材,日本研制出了光敏機械手,可以辨認出成熟果實,但研發(fā)成本極高,農(nóng)民根本承擔(dān)不起,難以推廣。而國內(nèi)新研發(fā)的當(dāng)歸采收設(shè)備,自動化程度高,但是普通藥農(nóng)也是無力承擔(dān)費用。
中藥材種植相對分散的現(xiàn)狀也是影響機械化發(fā)展的重要因素。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,我國63%的中藥材資源分布在西部地區(qū),80%以上的中藥材種植面積是由種植專業(yè)戶來投資的,這部分藥農(nóng)的種植面積基本都在100畝以下,其中絕大部分是幾畝、十幾畝。
為了克服中藥材機械化路上的困難,1月28日,國家中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系機械化功能研究室授牌儀式暨中藥材生產(chǎn)機械化技術(shù)研討會在工學(xué)院舉行。黃璐琦院士作了“以創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動中藥農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化”的主旨報告。報告從中藥的特點與中藥材生產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)新點兩方面介紹了中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)。李安寧副司長作了題為“當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)機械化的形勢與任務(wù)”的主旨報告。闡述了目前全國農(nóng)業(yè)機械化由中級階段向階段邁進,但仍存在著“三高三低”、“三多三少”等主要問題與矛盾,在全面分析和總結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,他指出了進一步推進農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展的三大重要舉措。
除了專家和學(xué)者不遺余力的為中藥材機械化發(fā)展作努力,各地也都在積極探索如何攻克中藥材機械化瓶頸。
威海市文登區(qū):為促進中藥材規(guī)?;N植,近年來,文登大力推進中藥材全程機械化生產(chǎn)模式。經(jīng)過近4年的引進、研發(fā)和推廣,文登西洋參已實現(xiàn)
收獲機械化。近年來,文登區(qū)農(nóng)機局還著力推廣了小麥秸稈撿拾打捆和聯(lián)合深松整地技術(shù),有效解決了西洋參生產(chǎn)中所需秸稈覆蓋和耕整地需求。2016年文登自發(fā)研制成功臺西洋參播種機,標(biāo)志著西洋參從播種到收獲已實現(xiàn)全程機械化。今年,區(qū)農(nóng)機局積極爭取山東省農(nóng)機裝備研發(fā)項目,扶持農(nóng)機研發(fā)企業(yè)聯(lián)合科研部門全力突破技術(shù)瓶頸,自主研發(fā)丹參收獲機,為丹參產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供有力技術(shù)支撐。
宕昌縣:近年來,宕昌縣農(nóng)機局根據(jù)全縣中藥材生產(chǎn)實際,在省市主管部門的大力支持下,充分利用創(chuàng)建中藥材機械化收獲示范點的有利時機,為全面提升當(dāng)?shù)刂兴幉漠a(chǎn)業(yè)的科學(xué)化水平,解放勞動力,降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高勞動效率和市場競爭力,先后在理川、阿塢等鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)重點打造中藥材機械化收獲示范基地,大力引進和推廣黃芪、黨參、當(dāng)歸、大黃等中藥材挖掘機械。通過舉辦現(xiàn)場演示會推廣了一批技術(shù)可靠、性能良好、作業(yè)效率高、適合當(dāng)?shù)刂兴幉臋C械化生產(chǎn)的作業(yè)機械,逐步破解了中藥材機械化生產(chǎn)過程中的瓶頸難題,降低了勞動強度,減少了勞動成本,增加了農(nóng)民收入,助推了“扶貧”工作。
中藥材生產(chǎn)機械化對我國中醫(yī)中藥事業(yè)具有重要的意義,中藥材種植也已經(jīng)成為許多地方的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè),發(fā)展中藥材機械化事業(yè)不僅有利于我國的中醫(yī)中藥事業(yè),對促進地方增產(chǎn)、農(nóng)民增收也具有現(xiàn)實意義。
目前在這一發(fā)展過程中,還存在著許多的瓶頸和掣肘,還需要各方和各地積極配合,廣泛推廣中藥材機械化技術(shù),力求趕上我國糧食生產(chǎn)全程機械化的步伐。
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