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大災(zāi)當(dāng)前：我國脆弱的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟該如何堅強應(yīng)對？

2017-05-12 16:21:33 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 閱讀量：45164 評論

導(dǎo)讀：5月12日，是護士節(jié)，也是全國防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日。自2009年起，每年的5月12日由中華人民共和國國務(wù)院批準為全國防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日，2017年的今天第9個防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日。我國是自然災(zāi)害種類多、災(zāi)情為嚴重的國家之一。為常見的災(zāi)害種類包括：氣象災(zāi)害、生態(tài)災(zāi)害、生物災(zāi)害、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】5月12日，是護士節(jié)，也是全國防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日。自2009年起，每年的5月12日由中華人民共和國國務(wù)院批準為全國防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日，2017年的今天第9個防災(zāi)減災(zāi)日。我國是自然災(zāi)害種類多、災(zāi)情為嚴重的國家之一。為常見的災(zāi)害種類包括：氣象災(zāi)害、生態(tài)災(zāi)害、生物災(zāi)害、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。

 
　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計,通常每年農(nóng)業(yè)自然災(zāi)害受災(zāi)面積6~7億畝(4 000~4 667萬公頃),減產(chǎn)3成以上的成災(zāi)面積約3億畝(2 000萬公頃),直接經(jīng)濟損失超百億元,因此,如何預(yù)防和治理自然災(zāi)害,減少農(nóng)業(yè)損失,是實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要課題，即：災(zāi)害來臨前，如何防范？災(zāi)害來臨后，如何減損？
 
　　關(guān)鍵詞一：災(zāi)害預(yù)警
 
　　我國目前常用的災(zāi)害監(jiān)測、預(yù)報和災(zāi)情評估手段多是地面常規(guī)監(jiān)測和航空遙感,衛(wèi)星遙感則有一部分來自國外的氣象衛(wèi)星資料。而農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害具有種類多、受災(zāi)地域廣、突發(fā)性強等特點,傳統(tǒng)監(jiān)測手段往往不能滿足要求。地面監(jiān)測和航空遙感受地形、天氣等因素的制約,氣象衛(wèi)星傳感器也受到云層等因素影響,因此,亟需加強農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害如洪澇干旱災(zāi)害等的全天候、大面積、的動態(tài)監(jiān)測,盡量減少云層和地表等因素的影響,要努力改善儀器的性能,提高監(jiān)測預(yù)報的準確度。
 
　　即：建立完善的農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害預(yù)警機制
 
　　關(guān)鍵詞二：快速反應(yīng)
 
　　自然災(zāi)害是不可避免的,迄今為止,人類既不能非常準確地預(yù)測,又不能完全地控制自然災(zāi)害。鑒于危機的破壞性和負面影響,自然災(zāi)害一旦發(fā)生,時間因素極為重要,作為危機應(yīng)對者的政府必須在時間在現(xiàn)場采取果斷措施,及時控制災(zāi)區(qū)局勢,迅速恢復(fù)社會秩序,這是政府應(yīng)急管理快速機制的客觀要求。同時,充分發(fā)揮駐軍部隊在減災(zāi)中的重要作用,加強地方與當(dāng)?shù)伛v軍的聯(lián)系與協(xié)調(diào),充分發(fā)揮解放軍、武警和預(yù)備役部隊、公安干警及廣大民兵在搶險救災(zāi)中的主力軍和突擊隊作用。
 
　　即：建立以政府為主導(dǎo)的快速反應(yīng)機制
 
　　關(guān)鍵詞三：農(nóng)業(yè)保險
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)保險作為一種市場化的風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移和分散機制,應(yīng)該在支持農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展上作出更大貢獻。而事實上,我國農(nóng)業(yè)保險發(fā)展緩慢,規(guī)模狹小、范圍過窄,尚未有效調(diào)動農(nóng)民、保險經(jīng)營主體、政府等多方積極性,很難滿足保險經(jīng)營所依賴的大數(shù)法則理論,農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險分散機制極其脆弱。從現(xiàn)階段來看,農(nóng)民主要還是采取自救、依靠政府救濟(社會捐助)等方法來防范和分散農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險,農(nóng)業(yè)保險在當(dāng)前新農(nóng)村建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著非常有限的“穩(wěn)定器”與“助推器”作用。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)保險應(yīng)當(dāng)是一種政策性保險。要使農(nóng)業(yè)保險發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用,首先,離不開法律的支持和推動。其次,農(nóng)業(yè)保險屬于典型的高風(fēng)險、低收益產(chǎn)業(yè),農(nóng)業(yè)保障機制離不開政策性安排。而目前我國政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險體系尚不健全,保險公司難以在低保費、高賠付之間尋求平衡。因此,建立和健全農(nóng)業(yè)保險機制要以政府為主體,加快完善農(nóng)業(yè)保險法律法規(guī),建立政策性的農(nóng)業(yè)保險機構(gòu)和農(nóng)業(yè)自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險保障基金。
 
　　即：建立政府主導(dǎo)型的農(nóng)業(yè)政策性保險機制
 
　　關(guān)鍵詞四：信息透明
 
　　自然災(zāi)害發(fā)生后,封鎖信息、信息不明或傳言傳播的失真性,很容易加劇人們的恐慌情緒,使社會心態(tài)發(fā)生難以預(yù)料的變化,極有可能導(dǎo)致社會的失穩(wěn)。因此,政府必須及時向公眾披露信息,化解公眾的懷疑情緒,喚起公眾的理解與支持。因此,有必要建立新聞發(fā)言人制度,及時公布有關(guān)災(zāi)害信息。對于信息披露其基本要求是:時間,爭取輿論主動權(quán);言行一致,確立信息溝通的可信度和性;明確信息發(fā)布通道和時間;處理與各種媒體的關(guān)系,建立政府與媒體的合作機制。
 
　　即：建立透明的信息披露制度
 
　　關(guān)鍵詞五：加強監(jiān)管
 
　　要規(guī)劃并建設(shè)好農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害防治工程,加強工程建設(shè)質(zhì)量的管理和監(jiān)督,發(fā)揮工程防治災(zāi)害大效能。由于歷史原因,長期以來我們片面追求“多、快、好、省”,造成不尊重科學(xué)規(guī)律和不講究質(zhì)量、效益的工程很多,我國在20世紀50至70年代修建的水庫,病險率達92. 9%,實踐證明,防治工程本身所存在的安全隱患也是災(zāi)害頻發(fā)且治理困難的原因。因此,在規(guī)劃、建設(shè)各種防治工程的時候,除了要設(shè)計好工程的功效、配套設(shè)施以及承載能力之外,還要充分考慮工程的其他效應(yīng),如生態(tài)、環(huán)境效應(yīng),權(quán)衡利弊,合理規(guī)劃,科學(xué)施工,嚴抓質(zhì)量,杜絕豆腐渣工程。
 
　　即：加強工程建設(shè)質(zhì)量的管理和監(jiān)督
 
　　筆者結(jié)語：我國是一個多自然災(zāi)害的國家,南澇北旱、臺風(fēng)、地震以及沙塵暴等多種自然災(zāi)害給人民生活和社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展帶來了巨大的損失。且分布地域廣，發(fā)生頻率高，造成損失重。與此同時，防災(zāi)減災(zāi)救災(zāi)體制機制問題還較為突出，“重救災(zāi)、輕減災(zāi)”思想仍不同程度存在，災(zāi)害預(yù)警防范能力還有待提升。亟待國家農(nóng)業(yè)部能盡快完善防災(zāi)減災(zāi)救災(zāi)體制機制，加強我國農(nóng)業(yè)抗災(zāi)防災(zāi)能力，這對于壯大我國農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟具有重要意義。

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